Abstract
The hydroformylation of olefins is one of the most important homogeneously catalyzed processes in industry to produce bulk chemicals. Despite the high catalytic activities and selectivity’s using rhodium-based homogeneous hydroformylation catalysts, catalyst recovery and recycling from the reaction mixture remain a challenging topic on a process level. Therefore, technical solutions involving alternate approaches with heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of olefins into aldehydes have been considered and research activities have addressed the synthesis and development of heterogeneous rhodium-based hydroformylation catalysts. Different strategies were pursued by different groups of authors, such as the deposition of molecular rhodium complexes, metallic rhodium nanoparticles and single-atom catalysts on a solid support as well as rhodium complexes present in supported liquids. An overview of the recent developments made in the area of the heterogenization of homogeneous rhodium catalysts and their application in the hydroformylation of short-chain olefins is given. A special focus is laid on the mechanistic understanding of the heterogeneously catalyzed reactions at a molecular level in order to provide a guide for the future design of rhodium-based heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysts.
Highlights
Since its discovery by Otto Roelen in 1938 [1,2], hydroformylation has become one of the most important homogeneously catalyzed processes to produce bulk chemicals, such as high-value aldehydes and alcohols [3]
A special focus is laid on the mechanistic understanding of the heterogeneously catalyzed reactions at a molecular level in order to provide a guide for the future design of rhodium-based heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysts
Selectivity in in the the context context of of this this review review demands refersto toside sidereactions, reactions,such suchas ashydrogenation, hydrogenation,isomerization isomerizationand andaldol aldolcondensation condensation reactions, reactions, but but refers mostimportantly importantlytotothe theregioselectivity, regioselectivity, since during hydroformylation of terminal olefins, linear most since during thethe hydroformylation of terminal olefins, linear (n) and branched aldehydes can be obtained
Summary
Since its discovery by Otto Roelen in 1938 [1,2], hydroformylation has become one of the most important homogeneously catalyzed processes to produce bulk chemicals, such as high-value aldehydes and alcohols [3]. Amines, and and depending the depending application,on linear or branched [14] aldehydes are more aldehydesFrom are more preferred From this of perspective the need of highly selective hydroformylation preferred. Another point to mention in n isomer, with the n/iso ratio being temperature dependent (Figure 2) [17] Another point to mention the context of selectivity is the factfact thatthat thethe most dominant side reaction, namely thethe hydrogenation of in the context of selectivity is the most dominant side reaction, namely hydrogenation the olefin to the corresponding alkane, is thermodynamically preferred over the hydroformylation of the olefin to the corresponding alkane, is thermodynamically preferred over the hydroformylation reaction, reaction,which whichexplains explainsthe theneed needfor forhighly highlyselective selectivehydroformylation hydroformylationcatalysts. Hydroformylation of propylene at 1 bar (a) and 100 bar (b) with a molar inlet composition
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