Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can slow down the replication of HIV-1, leading to an improvement in the survival of HIV-1-infected patients. However, drug toxicities and poor drug administration has led to the emergence of a drug-resistant strain. HIV-1 immunotherapy has been continuously developed, but antibody therapy and HIV vaccines take time to improve its efficiency and have limitations. HIV-1-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based immunotherapy founded on neutralizing antibodies is now being developed. In HIV-1 therapy, anti-HIV chimeric antigen receptors showed promising data in the suppression of HIV-1 replication; however, autologous transfusion is still a problem. This has led to the development of effective peptides and proteins for an alternative HIV-1 treatment. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of potent anti-HIV-1 peptides and proteins that reveal promising therapeutic activities. The inhibitory mechanisms of each therapeutic molecule in the different stages of the HIV-1 life cycle will be discussed herein.
Highlights
It is estimated that around 37 million people live with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [1]
Both have been tested for their safety [38,39,40], and lower rates of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been observed with a decrease of 31% at 42 months when compared to the control group [41]
The HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic is still a major concern as the number of infected individuals has significantly increased in recent years
Summary
It is estimated that around 37 million people live with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [1]. Anti-retroviral drugs are the standard treatment for viral load suppression and for the reduction in mortality of the target cells leading to a longer lifespan for HIV-1-infected patients. (i) the long half-life of HIV-1-infected resting T cells [18]; (ii) the insufficiency of antiretroviral drugs in lymphoid tissue compartments where the viruses are replicating [19]; and (iii) the possibility for the virus to spread through cell-to-cell transmission [20]. These are the main reasons for being unable to eradicate HIV reservoirs from the infected patients. We will describe the development of the advancements of peptide and protein-based molecules for HIV-1 treatment
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