Curating human rights: displaying, combating and obscuring human rights violations in museums

Economic Sanctions Against Human Rights Violations

Oil-Exploitation in Nigeria: Procedures Addressing Human Rights Abuses

The main objective of the study is to examine the depiction of democratic and human rights abuses in Amelmal’s, Yältäkoäche Guzo (Unfinished Journey). One of the considerable importances of literature all over the world is its use of sympathetic and attractive literary language to expose basic human right abuses since human rights are also part of human life. Therefore, analyzing the roles of literatures that are written in Amharic language in portraying basic human rights violations is paramount. However, literatures written in Amharic language are not well studied from human rights violation perspectives. This article, therefore, explores how the violations of basic human rights are depicted in the selected novel. Because there was no computable data used, the study considered qualitative research method. Regardless of the system by which a country is ruled, human rights are inviolable because they are innate. The analysis of the novel, however, depicts that the inviolable human and democratic rights of human beings have been violated. The finding of the study showed that the depiction of human and democratic rights violations was explicit. It showed that people’s rights to life, rights to equality, rights to liberty, and rights to election were abused during the two political regimes.

On March 30, 1998 Russia ratified the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. On March 3, 1987 – the UN Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. On September 18, 1973 – the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. On May 5, 1998 – the European Convention for the Protection of an Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. However, from 2016 to the present, on the territory of Russia in the Chechen Republic, terrible inhuman things are being found - torture and murder of people because they belong to the LGBT community. The Chechen Republic is part of Russia. It is horrifying that Russia ignores the open violation of human rights in Chechnya, and the violation of human rights is carried out by law enforcement officers of the Chechen Republic. Refusing to initiate criminal proceedings on massive violation of human rights in the Chechen Republic, thus contributing to torture, violence and inhuman treatment of Russian citizens based on of their sexual orientation, Russia crudely violates Item 1 of Article 2, Articles 12-15 of the UN Convention on the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment , Articles 3, 5, 6, 7, 14 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms , as well as the provisions of domestic legislation. What can the world community do to stop the massacre of LGBT representatives in Chechnya? How to react to it? Protection of human rights is often closely intertwined with maintenance of peace and security. These two concepts are indivisible. It is becoming increasingly clear that violation and infringement of human rights are not only concomitant consequences of a conflict, but also its triggering mechanism. If state authorities start to systematically violate human rights this becomes a warning, an alarming signal and one of the most obvious indicators that such violations may be followed by instability and violence threatening to spread over to other countries. It is not surprising that the most totalitarian world regimes are also the most flagrant violators of human rights.

Human Rights are a set of rights that are essentially inherent in humans. This right is natural, cannot be contested or taken away, and applies universally. Violations of human rights occur if these rights are taken away or challenged by other parties. The field of human rights violations is very broad, covering various rights possessed by humans, including in this case regarding land in the agrarian sector. Violations of human rights in the agrarian sector are basically similar to violations of human rights in other fields, the difference being the object of the right that gives rise to the human rights violation. In this case, the object in question is land in the agrarian sector. Indonesian national law and international law have slightly different perspectives regarding human rights violations in the agrarian sector. The difference is regarding control over the agrarian sector. National law has independent rights over the agrarian sector within its territory without interference from other parties outside the country, including international law. However, this form of violation of human rights, even in the agrarian sector, remains the subject of international law, as is the universal principle held by human rights law. To provide protection of rights in the agrarian sector, Indonesian national law applies the provisions of the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, and Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Principles Regulations. Meanwhile, international law applies Convention Number 169 of the International Labor Organization (ILO), as well as the United Nations Declarations on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). Therefore, this writing aims to explain the point of view of how Indonesian national law views human rights violations in the agrarian sector through domestic regulations, as well as how international law through international instruments views human rights violations in the agrarian sector. This writing was also prepared based on normative juridical sources through Indonesian national regulations and related to international instruments. Human Rights are a set of rights that are essentially inherent in humans. This right is natural, cannot be contested or taken away, and applies universally. Violations of human rights occur if these rights are taken away or challenged by other parties. The field of human rights violations is very broad, covering various rights possessed by humans, including in this case regarding land in the agrarian sector. Violations of human rights in the agrarian sector are basically similar to violations of human rights in other fields, the difference being the object of the right that gives rise to the human rights violation. In this case, the object in question is land in the agrarian sector. Indonesian national law and international law have slightly different perspectives regarding human rights violations in the agrarian sector. The difference is regarding control over the agrarian sector. National law has independent rights over the agrarian sector within its territory without interference from other parties outside the country, including international law. However, this form of violation of human rights, even in the agrarian sector, remains the subject of international law, as is the universal principle held by human rights law. To provide protection of rights in the agrarian sector, Indonesian national law applies the provisions of the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, and Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Principles Regulations. Meanwhile, international law applies Convention Number 169 of the International Labor Organization (ILO), as well as the United Nations Declarations on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). Therefore, this writing aims to explain the point of view of how Indonesian national law views human rights violations in the agrarian sector through domestic regulations, as well as how international law through international instruments views human rights violations in the agrarian sector. This writing was also prepared based on normative juridical sources through Indonesian national regulations and related to international instruments.

The Nuremberg tribunal was the expression and the beginning of states' recognition of their duty to prosecute genocide and other gross human rights violations. It was a first step towards fulfillin...

This article assesses the frameworks and practical engagements of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) in monitoring the national level implementation of recommendations provided by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. A qualitative study has been conducted based on laws, data, document analysis and interviews. The findings of the study indicate that prior to its reform (which began in 2019), EHRC had neither established frameworks for its engagement in monitoring the implementation of recommendations issued by African Commission, nor had it started practical engagement in this area. Following its reform, although EHRC has established institutional frameworks for engagement with international and regional human rights monitoring bodies, it has yet to adopt specific guidelines or directive to guide its involvement in monitoring the implementation of the African Commission's recommendations on cases of human and peoples' rights violations. Furthermore, it has not initiated practical engagement in this particular area. This article suggests that –as an institution with a statutory duty to coordinate international and national efforts to enhance the implementation of recommendations offered by regional human rights monitoring bodies and to advocate for ensuring justice to victims of human rights violations– EHRC should adopt specific guidelines to guide its engagement in this specific area and begin effective engagement with all stakeholders in monitoring the implementation of recommendations issued by the African Commission.

On the one hand, business entities have a huge potential to contribute to economic and social progress and consequently to the advancement of human rights. On the other, violations of human rights connected with business are very common. Although the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) calls upon every organ of society, and thus business entities, to promote respect of human rights, the subsequent international human rights treaties, including the European Convention of Human Rights (the Convention), only oblige States to respect, protect and fulfill human rights. Against this backdrop, an attempt has been made to analyse the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) with respect to the State's responsibility for business-related human rights violations. The analysis reveals that the State will bear responsibility for business-related human rights violations if acts or omissions of a business entity, amounting to a violation of a particular right guaranteed under the Convention, can be directly attributed to that State. This would occur, for instance, in case a company is considered a governmental organisation or where the State empowers a business entity to perform public authority functions. In this situation, the State would be responsible for violating its negative obligations under the Convention, namely its obligation to refrain from conduct that breach human rights through its own action or those of its agents. Furthermore, the State will bear responsibility for business-related human rights violations if it fails: (a) to regulate business activities in order to prevent business-related human rights violations; (b) to investigate business-related human rights violations; and (c) to establish effective remedies for this kind of human rights violations. In these situations, the State would be responsible for violating its positive obligations under the Convention. This paper describes the State responsibility for violations of its negative obligations in business and human rights context as a direct responsibility for business-related human rights violations while its responsibility for violation of positive obligations describes as indirect State responsibility for business-related human rights violations. The analysis also reveals that despite the Court's intention to interpret the Convention in accordance with general rules of international law, including rules on the State's responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, it has its own specific approach. In determining whether the State can be held directly responsible for acts or omissions of business entity the Court combines several criteria. It takes into account: (a) the company's legal status (under public or private law); (b) the nature of its activity (a public function or an ordinary commercial business); (c) the context of its operation (such as a monopoly); (d) its institutional independence (the extent of State ownership); and (e) its operational independence (the extent of State supervision and control). Through the dynamic interpretation of the Convention and the elaboration of the concept of positive obligations, the Court has, to a certain extent, succeeded in providing individual protection at international level for business-related human rights violations.

African States have ratified a number of human rights treaties that require them to respect, protect and fulfil (facilitate, provide and promote) human rights, as well as to prevent violations of human rights. In practice, States and non-State actors have paid very little attention to the obligation to prevent human rights violations. This article examines the obligation of States to prevent violations of human rights and remedies for human rights violations. It considers the application of international human rights law within the national law of the State. It further examines discrimination based on sexual orientation drawing on State practice as reflected in domestic legislation and judicial decisions from Zimbabwe, Uganda and Malawi. It is observed that the obligation to prevent violations of human rights requires a new approach to human rights in Africa and what States must do to comply with international human rights obligations. The obligation to prevent requires States to refrain from acts or omissions they foresee or ought reasonably to foresee will create, contribute to or result in violations of human rights before they occur within and beyond State borders, and to take effective measures to prevent similar violations in the future. Despite the fact that most attention to violations of human rights has tended to be retroactive, the obligation to prevent violations of human rights necessitates taking action before individuals or groups of individuals suffer violations of human rights.

Moral and professional responsibilities in the context of Palestinian health-care: a qualitative study on the role of medical associations and professional societies

Background: Korean society has become an elderly society at an unprecedented rate, and the associated social and economic problems are very serious. Maintaining a healthy oral condition is important for older people’s well-being and quality of life, and is essential for healthy ageing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dental hygienists’ experiences related to the elderly on their perception of human rights violations toward the elderly. Methods: This study was conducted through an IRB review at Silla University in Korea (No. 1041449-202012-HR-001). For about a month after 1 February 2021, the survey questionnaire was distributed to dental hygienists living in South Korea, and 153 people who completed and sent back the questionnaires were selected as the final subjects. The items on the questionnaire consisted of perception of human rights violations for the elderly and experiences related to the elderly. A polyserial correlation analysis was performed to confirm the relevance of each factor, and a multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the factors of elderly-related experiences that affect the perception of human rights violations against the elderly. Results: All three experiences related to the elderly (the experience of receiving education related to the elderly, the experience of volunteer work related to the elderly, and the experience of being interested in issues related to the elderly) were highly related to the perception of violations of financial human rights of the elderly (p < 0.01). In addition, the experience of education related to the elderly showed a high perception of psychological violations of the human rights of the elderly (R = 0.405, p < 0.01), and the experience of volunteer activities related to the elderly showed a high perception of neglectful violations of human rights of the elderly (R = 0.277, p < 0.01). Conclusions: In this study, it was confirmed that there is a relationship between dental hygienists’ experiences related to the elderly and their perception of human rights violations in the elderly. Therefore, dental hygienists should do their best to manage the elderly’s oral health by raising awareness of the human rights violations against the elderly through the elderly professional course based on their experience with the elderly.

Beyond Claim‐Rights: Social Structure, Collectivization, and Human Rights

Background: COVID-19 prevention and mitigation efforts were abrupt and challenging for most countries with the protracted lockdown straining socioeconomic activities. Marginalized groups and individuals are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of the pandemic such as human rights abuses and violations which can lead to psychological distress. In this review, we focus on mental distress and disturbances that have emanated due to human rights restrictions and violations amidst the pandemic. We underscore how mental health is both directly impacted by the force of pandemic and by prevention and mitigation structures put in place to combat the disease.Methods: We conducted a review of relevant studies examining human rights violations in COVID-19 response, with a focus on vulnerable populations, and its association with mental health and psychological well-being. We searched PubMed and Embase databases for studies between December 2019 to July 2020. Three reviewers evaluated the eligibility criteria and extracted data.Results: Twenty-four studies were included in the systematic inquiry reporting on distress due to human rights violations. Unanimously, the studies found vulnerable populations to be at a high risk for mental distress. Limited mobility rights disproportionately harmed psychiatric patients, low-income individuals, and minorities who were at higher risk for self-harm and worsening mental health. Healthcare workers suffered negative mental health consequences due to stigma and lack of personal protective equipment and stigma. Other vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, and refugees also experienced negative consequences.Conclusions: This review emphasizes the need to uphold human rights and address long term mental health needs of populations that have suffered disproportionately during the pandemic. Countries can embed a proactive psychosocial response to medical management as well as in existing prevention strategies. International human rights guidelines are useful in this direction but an emphasis should be placed on strengthening rights informed psychosocial response with specific strategies to enhance mental health in the long-term. We underscore that various fundamental human rights are interdependent and therefore undermining one leads to a poor impact on the others. We strongly recommend global efforts toward focusing both on minimizing fatalities, protecting human rights, and promoting long term mental well-being.

Towards visual analytics for digging into human rights violations data

This article focuses on the role of the Indonesian State in fighting human rights violations during the 1999 East Timor Upheaval. The 1999 East Timor Upheaval was one of the most serious human rights violations that occurred in Indonesia. The Indonesian state has an important role in eradicating human rights violations that occurred in East Timor in 1999, namely by carrying out investigations and trials against perpetrators of human rights violations, providing compensation to victims of human rights violations, and reforming military security law. The method used in this paper is qualitative research through a literature review. Primary sources from books and articles. The Indonesian state needs to increase its role in eradicating human rights violations during the 1999 East Timor Upheaval by holding trials for perpetrators of serious human rights violations, providing adequate compensation to victims of human rights violations, carrying out reforms in the security and military sector, and implementing reforms in the security and military sector. consistently and sustainably, as well as providing education to the community. about the importance of human rights and preventing human rights violations. By taking these steps, the Indonesian state can demonstrate its commitment to fighting human rights violations and protecting the human rights of all its citizens.