Abstract
BackgroundAffective styles are assumed to be one of the underlying processes of depression and anxiety maintenance. However, little is known about the effect of depression and anxiety and the cultural influence of the factor structure. Here, we examined the cross-cultural validity of the Affective Style Questionnaire and its incremental validity for the influence on depression and anxiety.MethodsAffective Style Questionnaire was translated into Japanese using standard back-translation procedure. Japanese university students (N = 1,041) served as participants. Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Rumination and Reflection Questionnaire, Brief COPE, Self-Construal Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were administered.ResultsExploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the Affective Style Questionnaire comprised four factors: Concealing, Adjusting, Holding and Tolerating (CFI = .92, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .07). The measure’s convergent and discriminant validity was substantiated by its association with various emotion regulation measures. Regression analyses showed that negative influence of Adjusting, Holding, Reappraisal (β = -.17, -.19, -.30) and positive influence of Suppression (β = .23) were observed on depression. For anxiety, Adjusting and Reappraisal was negatively influenced (β = -.29, and -.18).ConclusionsReliability and validity of the Affective Style Questionnaire was partly confirmed. Further study is needed to clarify the culturally dependent aspects of affective styles.
Highlights
Affective styles are assumed to be one of the underlying processes of depression and anxiety maintenance
Hofmann et al [5] reviewed the existing findings of emotion regulation research and proposed the emotion dysregulation model of depressive and anxiety disorders. This theory assumes that the person’s affective style, which is influenced by the interaction between external or internal triggers and the individual’s diathesis, determines the experience of positive and negative affect; if certain affective styles contribute to the maladaptive regulation to maintain negative affect, emotional disorders, such as depression and anxiety, can occur
Tolerating would be positively correlated to psychological flexibility because it is suggested that one aspect of psychological flexibility is accepting emotion. In addition to these hypotheses, we examined the relationship with the Self-Construal Scale
Summary
Affective styles are assumed to be one of the underlying processes of depression and anxiety maintenance. Hofmann et al [5] reviewed the existing findings of emotion regulation research and proposed the emotion dysregulation model of depressive and anxiety disorders This theory assumes that the person’s affective style, which is influenced by the interaction between external or internal triggers and the individual’s diathesis, determines the experience of positive and negative affect; if certain affective styles contribute to the maladaptive regulation to maintain negative affect, emotional disorders, such as depression and anxiety, can occur. According to this theory, the most effective treatment strategies for mood and anxiety disorders are by (1) targeting emotion dysregulation by promoting adaptive emotion regulation strategies, (2) decreasing negative affect and increasing positive effect, and (3) promoting adaptive affective styles [5]. It is a trait-like individual difference variable that determines a person’s habitual use of emotion regulation strategies to specific emotional experiences
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