Cultural memory through food: Identities after forced migration

Turkish cuisine, which is one of the world’s greatest cuisines, does not sufficiently use its variety of drinks. Drinks, which play an important role in tourist experience, need to be used effectively in gastronomic tourism. The study aims to determine what foreign tourists think about Turkish drinks and to emphasize the importance of matching the drinks of Turkish cuisine with traditional dishes. In the study, the thoughts of 1263 foreign tourists about Turkish drinks on TripAdvisor were determined. Later, a 10-person commission consisting of experts in the field was established to match the drinks determined from the literature with Turkish cuisine. Fifteen well-known traditional dishes were matched with traditional beverages. With this study, it was demonstrated that Turkish cuisine and drinks occupy an important place in Turkish cuisine, but foreigners cannot be reminded often enough about these drinks and because of bad experiences visitors have developed negative attitudes toward Turkish drinks. For foreign visitors and Turkish gastronomy experts, Ayran is often the first thing that comes to mind. However, there are many other drinks apart from Ayran in Turkish cuisine. It is important that food and beverage companies take responsibility and encourage the widespread use of Turkish beverages.

of the East Circassians ancestors of the Kabardinians to the territory of the former Western Alanya can be dated to the time after the invasion of Timur 1395-1396. The design of Kabarda as a principality can be dated to the first half of the 15th century. The division of Kabarda into Idarey, Kaitukoi, Tlachtostan, Dzhelyakhstan can be dated to the first half of the XVI century. Kabarda in this era becomes one of the leading forces in the North Caucasus. Kabardinians competed with the Great Nogai Horde for control of the Astrakhan Khanate. Temryuk Idarov in 1563 attracted Nogais and Russians in his confrontation with the Ingush. Kabardians of Idarey to confront the Crimean Tatars and Kumyks in the XVI century. They were allies of Russians. The Idaroviches use the Russians in the confrontation with the Kumyks and Crimean Tatars, and they themselves take part in the Livonian War and the Russian campaigns against various Caucasian rulers. Ties of Kabardians and with Nogais are made. Kabardinians of Kaitukoi are guided by the Crimean Khanate and the Small Nogai Horde. Circassian expansion to the east leads to the fact that the Karachais, Balkars, part of the Ossetians and Chechens are under the control of the Kabardinians. In the struggle for hegemony in the North Caucasus, the Kabardinians in the 16th –17th centuries face with the kumyks. None of the parties managed to win a convincing victory and they mutually exhausted each other. Kabardinians were the guides of Russian influence in the 17th century in the North Caucasus and their helped Russians in the Russian-Qizilbash conflict in 1651–1653. Kabardinians actively support the Russians against the Crimean Tatars in the 17th century. The significance of the Battle of Kanzhal is greatly exaggerated in Kabardinian historiography. We can talk about the participation of 20 thousands of Crimean Tatars in the battle and the death of a fourth of them in the battle. The defeat of 1708 only temporarily weakened the Crimean Tatars. Crimean Tatars make revenge hikes to Kabarda and devastate the region in the 10-ies and 20-ies of XVIII century. The Kabardinians victories under Baksan (1729) and Chеrеshty (1731) helped to stop the Crimean Tatar advance. Kabarda there were the Baksan and Kashkatau parties oriented to the Russians and Crimeans in the 18th century. They sought to win over external forces in order to secure subjectivity in foreign policy relations. The anti-Russian position of the Kabardinians set up the construction by Russians of the Mozdok fortress. Key words: Kabarda, Lesser Kabarda, Great Kabarda, Idarey, Kaitukoi, Crimean Khanate, Russian state, Great Nogai Horde, Lesser Nogai Horde, Ottoman Empire

Background: Legumes hold a prominent position among the foundational ingredients of Southern Mediterranean cuisine. Aims: This comprehensive review offers an exploration into the significance of traditional legume-based foods within this culinary landscape, focusing on their cultural significance, nutritional value, and extensive array of dishes. Methods: This study conducted a comprehensive review of traditional legume-based foods in Middle Eastern and North African cuisines by accessing scholarly databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, and consulting grey literature from international organizations and government agencies. The search strategy combined keywords and controlled vocabulary terms to identify relevant publications in English or Arabic from January 2000 to May 2024, focusing on traditional recipes, cooking methods, nutritional profiles, cultural significance, and historical contexts. Results: Central to these culinary traditions are legumes such as chickpeas, lentils, and fava beans, renowned for their richness in proteins, fibers, and essential micronutrients. The review catalogs 34 traditional dishes from the Southern Mediterranean region including Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon. These dishes exemplify the region's remarkable culinary diversity, where each dish represents a narrative thread of regional cuisine. Conclusion: It is also important to acknowledge the commercialization of traditional legume-based dishes is driven by globalization trends and the rising demand for convenient and culturally diverse food options worldwide. As such, educational and culinary initiatives play a pivotal role in preserving and promoting these culinary practices. For future research actions, there is a need to evaluate these traditional dishes' nutritional quality, and sustainability and explore consumer perceptions. Keywords: Chickpeas, Lentils, Faba, Peas, Ethnic Food, Nutritional Quality, Versatility, Traditional Cuisine, Levant, North Africa.

Post‐2015 refugees in Germany: “Culture of welcome”, solidarity or exclusion?

This chapter attempts to reveal the role played by Islam in the Crimean Tatars’ collective memory of their forebears’ 1944 deportation from Crimea. The author shows how this deportation, already a key topic in communicative memory, gradually became one of the fundamental themes of this people’s cultural memory as well. The chapter presents an analysis of the media dedicated to the politics of memory of the deportation that made this turn from communicative to cultural memory possible. It also sheds light on the ongoing discourse among the Tatar Muslim community on the deportation from Crimea and highlights differences between how secular and observant Crimean Tatars perceive the causes of the tragedy.

We do not know where the adage “the wars of the 20th century were fought over oil, but the wars of the 21st century will be fought over water” comes from. However, its relevance to today’s circumstance of conflict and scarcity of natural resources and the profound influence of these factors on human migration are undeniable. Moreover, although for a brief moment, the impact of these global circumstances did not appear to directly impact the universal human experience (at least not from the perspective of the global north), we now knowdifferently. Let us consider this awareness a call to action for nurse scientists to expand our discipline’s perspective on the science of health, in recognition of the ways the influence of policy, the state of environment, and the application of the human rights framework impress on the changing world. In particular, let us consider the ways these external issues contribute to health inequity; disparities; and the mental, physical, and psychosocial health consequences of forced migration. The forced migration of families and communities is a complex phenomenon, driven by armed conflict, climate change, the allocation of scare, nonrenewable natural resources, and shifting patterns in the politics of globalization. On June 14, 2014, World Refugee Day, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees reported that the number of refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced people worldwide has, for the first time in the post-World War II era, exceeded 50 million people. As of 2014, in Syria, over 6.5 million people are internally displaced by the civil war (meaning they have fled their homes to seek protection but have not fled their country as refugees). In Columbia, 5.7 million people are internally displaced because of the decadeslong conflict involving the international drug trade, political corruption, and armed resistance movements. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, nearly 3 million have been driven from their communities to escape the conflict caused by “Africa’s world war” only to be faced with profound levels of disease and malnutrition. In Sudan, 2.4 million remain homeless because of the flight from human rights atrocities that have taken place since the start of their civil war. In Iraq, in addition to the regional instability caused by the Syrian conflict, tens of thousands have urgently fled cities to escape gender-based and religious persecution. In Somalia, 1.1 million people remain displaced because of violence, drought, and

This article discusses the diversity of historical heritage found in Langsa City which has the potential to become a sustainable historical heritage. This paper also describes how to realize sustainable tourism based on history and culture and improve the quality of life of the community by utilizing historical and cultural heritage. The research was conducted in Langsa city, Aceh province, Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach by conducting observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. Based on the findings and facts in the field, identify three potentials that can become icons for the development of historical and cultural tourism. The first is the historical heritage in the form of physical, the second is in the form of culture and the third is the historical heritage in the form of culinary. This diversity of historical heritage-based sustainable tourism has not received much attention in the study of sustainable tourism. This is because tourism infrastructure such as destinations and human resources have not been well prepared. In addition, the involvement of public participation to help realize sustainable tourism is still not optimal. Tourism by utilizing historical heritage capital is very important for the environment and society. and have an impact on the local and national economy. Realizing sustainable tourism based on historical and cultural heritage is done by implementing destination management, so that each type of tourism gets the same attention so that all tourism sectors can progress together, increase the quality of tourism, and can benefit all parties. It is also recommended to build good cooperation between the government, the community and the private sector in developing sustainable tourism based on historical and cultural heritage. Cultural heritage buildings that have received status and are being proposed by the government as cultural heritage so that their maintenance and utilization can be optimal. In addition, it is necessary to open spaces for collaboration between the government, academia and the community in the development of sustainable tourism based on historical heritage.

This article demonstrates how Crimean Tatars use memories of past displacements in their narratives of contemporary emigration and coping strategies in occupied Crimea. First, I present the significance of the first annexation of Crimea in 1783 by the Russian Empire and the 1944 deportation in the collective memory of Crimean Tatars. Second, I discuss the main motives for the displacement of internally displaced persons of Crimean Tatar origin in 2014 based on interviews conducted in L’viv. Drawing from interviews and focus groups that were conducted in Crimea between 2017 and 2019, I describe the influence of the memory of forced displacements on contemporary discourse and how it has evolved since Russia’s full-scale attack on Ukraine. Finally, I focus on how Crimean Solidarity activists employ memories of the first annexation and deportation to legitimize their resistance against Russia’s repressive policy in occupied Crimea. I argue that the 2014 annexation of Crimea was a retraumatizing event for many Crimean Tatars and that it has become an integral part of the grand narrative of their forced displacement from the late eighteenth century to the present.

This article is devoted to the relationship of the Circassians with the Turkic peoples. The Caucasian-speaking ancestors of the Adyge, Circassians and Kabardians were known to contemporaries under several ethnonyms. Papags and Kasogians were mixed Turkic-Caucasian tribes and served in the Khazar Kaganate. Zikhians occupied the Northern-East Black Sea littotal lands and were ruled by Georgian (Abkhazian) kings and Zikhian archbishops of the Matarcha. The Pechenegs were allies of the Zikhians, and the Oguzes were their opponents. It can be argued about a certain period of dominance of the Zikhians on the Taman Peninsula in the 13th century, but in the 12th century the local Zikhians were supposed to recognize the power of the Byzantine Empire. The relations of the Zikhians with the Qipchaqs were friendly. The infiltration of Turkic elements into the ethnogenesis of the North-West Caucasus tribes contributed to the emergence of the Circassian ethnos. In the Golden Horde the Circassians actively maintained contacts with both the Genoese and the Tatars. Circassians living on the plane were integrated into the administrative system of Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde). Circassians also fought against the Tatars of the Golden Horde and the Great Horde. The first Circassian principalities sources are recorded in the XV century. These were Khetuk, Kremuk, Kopa, Tatarkosia, Kabarda. The first three principalities worked closely with the Genoese and became victims of Turkish aggression in the 70-80-ies of XV century In the XVI century the principalities of Zhaney, Temirgoy, Besleeney, Khatukai took shape. Natukhai, Abadzekhs, Shapsugs were circled Abazins and became part of the Circassian ethnosphere only in the 18th century. Zhaney, Temirgoy, Besleney, Khatukai in the XVI century suffered from the invasions of the Crimean Tatars, therefore, in the middle of the XVI century hoped for an alliance with the Russians and sent embassies to Moscow. The war against the Crimean Tatars was fought mainly by the forces of Kabardians and the Ukrainian condottier D.Vyshnevetsky. With the departure of the D.Vyshnevetsky to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ivan IV virtually ceased to support the Western Circassians, which led to their reversal towards the Crimean Khanate. They took part in the Ottoman-Safavid war of 1578-1590 on the side of the Turks. In the XVII century the Besleney and Temirgoy rebelled against the Crimean Tatars, hoping for an alliance with the Russians, but to no avail. Success in the fight against the Crimean Tatars became possible thanks to several victories of the Kabardians over the troops of Gherays in the XVIII century. Temirgoy, Abadzekhs, Bjedugs, Shapsugs, Besleney, Makhosh, Ubykhs rebelled against Crimean Tatars in this century. With the annexation by the Russians of the Crimean Khanate, the Western Circassians underestimated the anti-Russian position. Key words: Zikhians, Kasogians, Papags, Circassians, Khazar Khaganate, Golden Horde, Crimean Khanate, Ottoman Empire, Russians, Crimean Tatars

This article explores how people “taste” food media in order to develop cultural taste. It examines the vicarious consumption practices of three households of the popular reality television talent quest, MasterChef Australia (MCA). Vicarious consumption is the enjoyment of something, in this case gourmet food, through a third party (Veblen). The paper argues that the audience’s use of vicarious consumption is an empowering practice. As such, the article challenges Veblen’s negative view of vicarious consumption – the sentiment of which continues to underpin contemporary reality television and food media discourse (see Rousseau). Furthermore, this article expands upon Adema’s exploration of the practice in relation to food television in which she highlights that households gain more pleasure from watching food television rather than cooking and eating. Each audience member engaged in vicarious consumption and used MCA in conjunction with other food media for different reasons. For instance, one viewer used vicarious consumption to control her food intake, while another gained nostalgic pleasure from food media. These approaches to vicarious consumption allow the MCA viewers to negotiate conflicting discourses of cultural taste to construct a positive identity for themselves as "everyday foodies." "Everyday foodies" are individuals who embrace and incorporate an appreciation of gourmet food culture into their busy lifestyles, but are limited by time, money, health or confidence.

In comparison to North America, Australia, and Europe, there is little existing literature that focuses on indigenous education in Asia. To explore the tension between indigenous education and global citizenship from the South Asian perspective, the current paper explores the rich food and cultural heritage of the Kathmandu Valley. The research is based on the intricate system of family, caste, and clan, especially among the indigenous Newar communities. The paper, furthermore, draws upon information from the other 103 communities from all over Nepal. Interesting similarities, including anecdotal incidents will be cited, for comparison purposes. This approach will allow the author to “contrast” the more developed “center” in Kathmandu with the “periphery” in the hinterlands based on the author’s 35 year-long lived-in experience, empirical research, writings, and journals as a community development worker in Nepal and the Himalayan Region. The chapter on culinary tradition and indigenous knowledge related to food habits in the Nepal Himalayas is based on. Hence, most of the narratives are based on the first, second, and third person narratives, interviews, and focus group discussions. Secondary sources and reference materials are therefore, by nature sparsely used. The paper will enquire into, inter alia, various local knowledge systems related to: recipes, culinary practices, cultures, beliefs and superstitions related to food and folk lore, food crops, forest crops, herbs and medicinal plants, food and traditional healing, everyday religion and food habits in relation to modern day concept of food security, food sovereignty and sustained livelihoods. This paper examines people’s food habits in terms of household and community strata and its nexus with agriculture, forest, environment, livelihood, and life of the people bound by everyday religion in Nepal. The paper also attempts to shed light on indigenous knowledge on food and culture based on our composite heritage. The author intends to contribute to, on the one hand, higher education, learning and upgrading general information, and, on the other, providing interesting and entertaining reading materials for the general public.

Large-scale urban redevelopment in China has been taking place for decades since the market transitions from 1978, which have caused massive forced relocation of residents (He and Wu, 2007; MOHURD, 2013). This thesis has provided a comprehensive study on relocatees’ perceptions and experiences at the pre-demolition phase of the forced relocation and state-led urban redevelopment. Through an extensive overview of existing literature on the experiences of the affected residents and in-depth interviews with residents and other stakeholders in urban redevelopment, the thesis shows that current studies have largely ignored the temporal feature and dynamics embedded in urban redevelopment and forced relocation in the Chinese context. Also, the ambivalence of relocatees’ perceptions towards their lived experiences in their neighbourhoods is not fully addressed. Many studies and news reports have merely displayed the conflicting interactions between the residents and project initiators such as local governments or developers, and have considered the redevelopment projects as if they were a static event (He, 2012; Hin and Xin, 2011; Sichuan News, 2009). This conceals the mechanisms and complexity underlying the controversial and conflicting nature of forced relocation in the context of urban redevelopment. Driven by these concerns, we especially focus on individual relocatees’ perceptions, experiences, and behaviours towards impending forced relocation and urban redevelopment. We highlight the ambivalence in the interactions between residents and neighbourhoods (people-place) as well as residents, local governments and developers, from a residential mobility perspective. Our research therefore aims to gain a deeper understanding of how forced relocation and urban redevelopment affect residents of declining neighbourhoods in Shenyang, in terms of their pre-relocation neighbourhood perceptions and behaviours. This thesis is organized as followed. Chapter 1 is the introduction, which focuses on the research background, research aim and questions, research data and methods, and the history of urban (re)development of Shenyang. Chapter 2 provides a literature review on the experiences of residents, particularly the homeowners, during forced relocation in the Chinese context. This chapter is also the theoretical basis for the thesis, by identifying gaps in existing research and outlining the research questions for the following chapters. Chapter 3, 4 and 5 focus on the influence of Shantytown Redevelopment Programmes (SRPs) on the various dimensions of the perceptions and experiences of residents from declining neighbourhoods that are involved in the SRPs in the city of Shenyang. Chapter 3 investigates the evolution of the SRPs, related policies and the changing roles and interactions between the different stakeholders involved in SRPs, against changing macro-, social, economic and institutional contexts. Chapter 4 and 5 put the spotlight on individual residents’ experiences by specifically focusing on the people-place interactions with regard to place attachment and the ageing in place of older people. These two chapters also reveal the influence of the impending SRPs and impending forced relocation on the people-place interaction. The following section firstly summarizes the key findings of each chapter. A reflection on the research is presented in section 6.3. The last section outlines future directions for research and the policy implications.

Persons belonging to national minorities have the right to effective participation in cultural, social and economic life and in public affairs, in particular those affecting them. It is important to stress from the onset that the Crimean Tatars see themselves as indigenous to Crimea and have a strong political agenda. They ascribe great importance to political participation and representation, not only to solve pressing problems such as housing, education, culture and employment, but also as a precursor to more formalized and institutionalized self-governance as practised by the Crimean Tatar Qurultay (assembly) and Milli Mejlis (executive body) , even though neither is yet recognized as such by the Ukrainian State. Other FDPs also see the relevance of political participation and representation to resolving resettlement issues, support for cultural continuity and preservation of their language. However, the Crimean Greeks, Germans, Armenians and Bulgarians have never expressed any aspiration to political self-determination or self-governance. In general, they are also less politically mobilized than the Crimean Tatars. This is explained by a number of internal and external factors, most notably the manner of repatriation – the Crimean Tatars’ return was both on a larger scale and more synchronized than that of the other FDPs. The study was carried out by means of in-depth interviews with stakeholders and experts, including officials and deputies (both current and former, of various levels), Mejlis leaders, Crimean Tatar civic organizations, leaders of cultural organizations of other FDPs, candidates for the 2012 national Ukraine elections, journalists, political party chiefs of staff and NGO leaders (for a list of interviewees see Appendix 1). Media and document analysis supplemented the data obtained from the interviews.

The article aims to study the history of the Crimean Tatars of the XV–XVII centuries within historical cultural heritage materials. The territorial is limited to the Volyn region, namely the cities of Ostroh and Dubno. The study methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Besides these principles, we use the principle of systematicity to study the documents. The factor analysis was effective in examining the social and political processes that took place in the late medieval and early modern periods. We also use the typological method considering material culture objects. Analytical and synthesizing methods were used to generalize the information obtained. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that it studies the historical, cultural, and material heritage of one of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - the Crimean Tatars in the late Middle Ages and early modern times. During the Ukrainian independence historians and archaeologists prepared some publications on the subject, but the generalized monographic study is absent. In addition, a significant part of material artifacts are kept in the collections of various museums and are not available in exhibition halls. Conclusions. The study of the Crimean Tatars’ material heritage on the territory of mainland Ukraine is important. Despite the rather complicated relations during the XV–XVII centuries, there are many examples of cooperation against common enemies, such as the Moscow state or the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Communities of immigrants from Crimea lived in many Ukrainian cities, towns, and villages, and together with the locals, they contributed to the common welfare and prosperity. All this has left a significant mark on the history, culture, and historical memory of different peoples. The presented artifacts of the Crimean Tatars from the collections of the museums of Ostroh and Dubno will contribute to the study and popularization of the cultural heritage of one of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine. We are firmly convinced that other Ukrainian museums (especially in their collections) hold many items related to the Crimean Tatars. Therefore, our research will continue.

This study examines the role the Crimean Tatar diaspora and forced migrants play in the Russian-Ukrainian War starting from the occupation of Crimea in 2014 up to the present. The Crimean Tatars experienced complete de-territorialization in 1944, and transnationalism became a significant characteristic of their nation, despite some individuals returning to their homeland. We consider all four communities of Crimean Tatars as transnational and focus on the following groups: the ‘diaspora,’ predominantly originating in the 19th century and mainly residing in Turkey, Romania, and the United States; the community that repatriated to their homeland in the 1990s, facing Russian oppression in Crimea after 2014; the community displaced to mainland Ukraine after 2014 and the forced migrants in Turkey since 2014. In this article, we aim to address the following questions: How did the diaspora and forced migrants attempt to influence the conflict, particularly concerning Crimea? Can we comprehend their role as peacemakers or peacebreakers? We propose moving beyond the peacemaker/peacebreaker dichotomy and understanding the actions of the Crimean Tatar diaspora and forced migrants from the perspective of positive peace, focusing on decolonization and transitional justice. Our research is based on the case study of the Crimean Tatar transnational communities since the Russian occupation of Crimea until today, utilizing interviews with Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians, participant observation at two different time points, and content analysis of relevant documents and media.