Cultural heritage conservation and the colonial past in Tanzania: collaborative approaches towards German colonial administrative buildings and military stations (Bomas)

Reconciling the Conservation of Cultural Heritage with Rural Development

The objective of this study is to evaluate how students’ level of awareness of cultural heritage differs in Amasya University based on several variables including sociodemographic structure and field of study. This study uses the data obtained from a total of 719 students attending Amasya University in the spring semester of the 2021–2022 academic year. Data were collected using the questionnaire form of the cultural heritage scale developed by the researchers. Independent sampling t test and ANOVA technique were used for the variables that assume normal distribution. Tukey HSD test was used to determine differences between groups. The study findings demonstrate that cultural heritage awareness level of undergraduate students was higher than those in associate degree programs; students whose families live in the city centre have higher cultural heritage awareness than those whose families live in districts and villages; 4th year students had higher cultural heritage awareness than 3rd, 2nd and 1st year students; the students in the Department of Teacher Education and Religious Studies Department had higher cultural heritage awareness than the students in Architecture and Engineering Departments. The study findings underline the importance of improving usage awareness, conservation awareness and responsibility awareness regarding cultural heritage. Therefore, educational institutions at all levels should develop solid policies and action plans to promote and protect cultural heritage assets. This study emphasizes the importance of cultural heritage awareness, encouraging relevant parties to take concrete steps for conservation and management of cultural heritage.

Despite various opportunities, urban development projects have been causing significant challenges to the preservation and conservation of historic cultural heritage. In particular, an increasing number of World Heritage (WH) properties are impacted by the direct and indirect effects of development projects, reflecting the existing uprising conflict. Grasping the challenge, Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) has been developed as a proactive assessment tool to identify and predict potential impacts, mitigate the negative impacts on heritage values, and sustain the attributes conveying OUVs in WH assets. The growing demand for urban development and its potential impacts on cultural heritage properties underscores the necessity for the development of a targeted Heritage Impact Assessment methodology for urban development threats. To adequately address multiple impacts, this paper proposes a triangulation of a qualitative matrix for impact identification and a semi-quantitative indicator-based index for impact analysis and evaluation. The methodology is applied to the World Heritage property of Masjed-e Jame of Isfahan in Iran. In drawing upon this example, a systematic and integrated impact assessment procedure is developed to capture a broad category of potential impacts and their significance that is crucial for determining site-specific mitigation strategies and informed decision-making within the context of heritage management and sustainable urban development.

PurposeThe study explores the nexus between Ibu-Ubu boyhood initiation and the conservation of cultural heritage in Afikpo, Southeast Nigeria. The study is motivated by the rarity of such cultural conservation through initiation rites in an age of Christian-inspired culture terrorism against Igbo traditional religion, arts and relics.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted cultural anthropological research method. The boyhood initiation rite was studied through participant observation of the initiation between September and November 2017. As a cultural anthropological study, oral evidence was derived from the men who had undergone the rite. Through the oral evidence, interpretations were given to the material culture, monuments and heritage that have been conserved through Ibu-Ubu initiation rite.FindingsThe study discovered that amid the deluge of Christian-motivated culture terrorism and erosion of Igbo cultural arts, relics and heritage, the people of Afikpo have preserved most of their tangible and intangible heritage through the Ibu-Ubu boyhood initiation rites.Originality/valueThis study will assist in the reinvigoration of campaigns on environmental and heritage conservation in Igboland. It is sufficient to posit that Igboland is ridden with myriads of environmental and cultural terrorism, perpetrated by some Christian fanatics. The study reveals the relevance of the boyhood initiation rites in ensuring the preservation and conservation of Igbo cultural heritage in a century marked with fanatical Christian evangelism, culture-terrorism and destruction of both tangible and intangible heritages, which the Christians have labelled evil, barbaric and fetish.

Attention to the condition assessment and conservation of cultural heritage is increasing due to growing sensitivity to the preservation of the built and natural environment and awareness of the risks associated with natural hazards. In this context, a comprehensive approach to the conservation and valorization of cultural heritage requires the combined action of different skills to achieve reliable assessment of the conditions of valuable assets and sites based on qualitative and quantitative indicators. This paper explores the issues of conservation and sustainable management of archaeological sites, considering humanistic and technical aspects. It reviews the current rules and practices concerning the maintenance and administration of archaeological heritage and outlines the implementation of a novel procedure, based on low-cost tools, to assess and describe the current condition of archaeological assets. Specific attention is paid to the interaction between experts and researchers operating in both humanistic and technical fields and to the knowledge and data contribution available on modern web-based platforms to implement reliable and low-cost data acquisition for the development of worthwhile plans for the conservation and enhancement of cultural heritage. The Samnite complex of Pietrabbondante, Molise, South Italy, is employed to apply and check the proposed tools in the real world.

Cultural heritage is the legacy of physical and moral components of societies that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and transfered for the benefit of future generations. As the spoiling of cultural heritage-partly or wholly- will be a harmful impoverishment for all nations' heritage, it is material to take subject as a whole for all nations. Universal characteristics of cultural heritage point out the necessity of strengthening of culturel dialogue for conservation of this heritage. Nowadays there exists losts of constitutions supporting the studies for conservation of cultural and natural heritage. Among them, Europen Union's performance rewarding the example project, application and other researches designed on the conservation of cultural heritage draws attention. One of the important supports of European Union for conservation of cultural heritage are Europa Nostra awards. During the study Turkey's awards captured from Europa Nostra are analysed.

A specific European standardisation activity in the field of conservation of cultural heritage is essential to acquire a common unified scientific approach to the problems relevant to the preservation and conservation of the cultural property. A scientific approach is essential for the conservation of cultural heritage as a preliminary basis that will ensure effective planning of ordinary and extraordinary maintenance works, as well to assure their efficacy and durability. The scope of CEN TC 346 is to establish standards in the field of the processes, practices, methodologies and documentation of conservation of tangible cultural heritage to support its preservation, protection and maintenance and to enhance its significance. This includes standardization on the characterization of deterioration processes and environmental conditions for cultural heritage and the products and technologies used for the planning and execution of conservation, restoration, repair and maintenance. Up to now seventeen EN standards were published according to a matrix-based method in which three main topics have been developed. In 2014 seven more standards will be published.

The guthi system appears to have placed a high priority on maintaining religious, cultural, and social services in addition to planning and carrying out rituals, festivals, chariot worship, and the promotion and protection of monasteries and temples. The guthi system has served for several centuries as the backbone of Nepalese culture and community. The land was donated to carry out religious and charity endeavors, erect temples, plan religious ceremonies, and uphold cultural practices. This article emphasizes the need for an indigenous system, traditional design, local materials, local knowledge, local skills, and traditional practices rather than modern technology in the conservation and management of cultural heritage. The article's conclusion underlines the necessity for policymakers to acknowledge the importance and contribution of informal indigenous systems to achieve sustainable heritage protection and management. This paper aims to examine the preservation and management of cultural assets in the traditional guthi system of the Kathmandu Valley using a qualitative approach to historical research. The cross-cutting issues that the organization involved has with the preservation and management of cultural assets in the Kathmandu Valley will be alleviated by the creation of such a strategy.

At a time when the world is becoming more monotonous under the effect of globalization, diversity has become precious. To retain the different colours of culture, cultural heritage conservation has been widely practiced in many countries. Starting from the 1970s, international conservation organizations have been advocating for area-based conservation. They believe that the goal of heritage conservation, which includes the conservation of both tangible and intangible assets, can be better achieved by conserving areas at an urban scale. In order to facilitate area-based conservation, many countries have integrated conservation with town planning. In Hong Kong, heritage conservation does not protect areas at an urban scale. It only serves an advisory function to town planning and fails to protect the landscape around historic buildings/sites. Under the fast pace of development, this building-based conservation approach has created a fragmented cityscape of Hong Kong as bits and bobs of historic structures are surrounded by incompatible features such as parking garage, flyovers, highways and skyscrapers. This ruins the spirit of the place, decreases the heritage value of the site and consequently diminishes the character of the city. This study attempts to improve heritage conservation in Hong Kong by finding out the feasibility of setting up conservation areas in the city. It explores the importance of heritage conservation, the significance of area-based conservation, and the success factors for setting conservation areas in Singapore, which has shown successful in preserving historic districts and areas of special character by area-based conservation. By reviewing Hong Kong‟s current practice in heritage conservation and town planning against these success factors, several recommendations are conducted at the end.

Cultural heritage is an invaluable resource for societies. Inherited from past generations, it must be preserved and safeguarded for posterity. However, it is threatened by several factors, including natural disasters and those caused by human actions. In this regard, the need for conservation of cultural heritage is an indisputable reality. Digital documentation is considered an important tool, providing precision, in the recording of physical features and peculiarities of heritage. On the other hand, when acquired documents are digitally archived, they can be used for numerous purposes, such as conservation and management of heritage. In the instance of minor or major damage to built heritage, these archives can be highly useful in the restoration process. In recent years, due to considerable developments in technology and digital tools, the techniques used for documentation of historical buildings have been also significantly improved, leading to a better standard of monument conservation. Accordingly, recognition and exploitation of the most recent technologies and techniques in the field of cultural heritage are of primary importance. Deploying new methods of documentation significantly reduces costs, expedites the process of surveying, and also ensures an accurate output. This paper investigates the application of digital techniques of documentation in cultural heritage conservation. Additionally, it offers an overview of the advantages and limitations of the most widely used techniques, including terrestrial laser scanning, low-cost photogrammetry methods, and the application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms.KeywordsCultural heritageDocumentation techniquesPhotogrammetryLaser scanningUnmanned aerial vehicles3D modeling

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An integrated approach for assessing the vulnerability of World Heritage Sites to climate change impacts

Popular concerns about blood-stealing, trade in body parts, surreptitious birth control and the deliberate spreading of disease are common across sub-Saharan Africa, and there are indications that they are becoming more common in pace with the process of deprivation that economic and political destructuring has, over the last quarter century, set in motion across most of the continent (Comaroff & Comaroff 2000). Such stories are commonly referred to as ‘rumours’ – by those who observe and dismiss them, but also by those who, usually with due scepticism, pass them on to others. With its connotation of hearsay and gossip, the term is often used in contrast to ‘truth’, much like the equally problematic distinction of ‘belief’ and ‘knowledge’. It is our aim in this paper to move beyond the dismissal of these stories as ‘mere’ rumour, based on erroneous belief or traditional superstition, and to appreciate them as modern commentaries on social relations that involve, and extend far beyond, scientific medical research. If we nevertheless use the words ‘rumour’, ‘story’ and ‘concern’ synonymously, we follow the historian Luise White’s understanding that rumours, such as vampire stories in 20th-century Africa, ‘are neither true nor false, in the sense that they do not have to be proven beyond their being talked about; but as they are told, they contain different empirical elements that carry different weights: stories are told with truths, commentaries, and statements of ignorance’ (White 2000). By telling these stories, relating them to empirical facts in a given locality and at a particular moment, and intertwining them with other seemingly unrelated tales, people make new connections and reveal hitherto unseen links, weaving wide, often global connections into local patterns of relatedness (Geissler 2005). When, below, we speak of ‘rumour’ we are not expressing our scepticism; rather, we are reflecting the scepticism of those who tell these stories: their ambiguity towards formations of knowledge and power that reach deep into their everyday lives, and which are set in a world order that provokes their doubts. Medical research and the ‘trial communities’ it constitutes by linking scientists and subjects, institutions and funders, media and publics, is one of the networks of global connections that has been particularly prolific in the generation of rumours (P.W. Geissler and C. Molyneux, in press). The sort of rumours mentioned above, particularly those about blood, are often directly related to medical research and health interventions. During 15 years of involvement in medical research in Africa we have repeatedly encountered such rumours. From friends and colleagues we have heard many more reports of such rumours, sometimes impeding recruitment to research, affecting adherence to interventions and even threatening the continuation of whole research projects while more commonly providing a background noise without direct impact (Geissler 2005; Molyneux et al. 2005a; Pool & Geissler 2005; Fairhead et al. 2006; for a rare note in a medical paper, see Nchito et al. 2003; for the potential detrimental impact of public debates see most recently Singh & Mills 2005). Most of these rumours follow a relatively limited number of themes, while also showing regional and locally specific variation. On a more general level they merge into related genres such as urban legends and oral traditions (Burke 1998; Ellis & Ter Haar 2001), Tropical Medicine and International Health doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01682.x

PurposeThis paper aims to address the issue of the conservation and management of rural cultural heritage, with the aim being to gain an understanding of current problems and needs through a participatory approach, in recognition of the uniqueness of the relationship between nature, humankind and the built environment as an area of study. To this end, a comprehensive case study – Kemer Village in Turkey – focusing on the social sustainability and participatory approaches for the sustainable development of rural settlements is given. Accordingly, possible conservation, management and sustainability strategies are put forward considering the priorities and perspectives of different stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThis paper approaches the subject of rural heritage conservation and management from a social sustainability standpoint, involving an on-site investigation to understand the physical and social context of Kemer Village in Turkey, which has links to different periods in history, and contains significant examples of vernacular architecture and that has maintained its cultural characteristics. Tools and criteria for participatory planning approach were applied ensuring the involvement of the local community and stakeholders.FindingsThe findings of the present study reveal rural settlements to be important factors in the cultural heritage conservation and indicate the importance of prescient management and the adoption of a sustainable development model. Achieving the desired level of sustainability in historical villages through conservation of the built environment with the involvement of the local community is possible, as can be seen in the case of Kemer Village in Turkey, where the villagers and the local authorities worked in cooperation to ensure the preservation of the village's integrity.Originality/valueThis study will describe possible long-term strategies and actions aimed at involving the local community in the sustainable conservation of the rural cultural heritage while also embracing change. It is important that the concept of sustainability is realized with participatory planning methods. In addition to that, rural heritage and social sustainability together incorporate a widespread but rarely considered set of issues addressing local needs in conservation.

Digital documentation technologies combined with innovative analytical techniques and digital tools can be an effective strategy supporting multidisciplinary documentation and modelling aimed at conservation, enhancement and preservation of Cultural Heritage. New technologies and digital devices should play an important innovative role to understand, access, enhance and preserve Cultural Heritage.