Cucurbit Foliar Disease Identification with Deep Learning and XGBoost: A ResNet50 Approach

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that profoundly affects cognitive functions and daily activities. Rapid and precise identification is essential for effective intervention and improved patient outcomes. This research introduces an innovative hybrid filtering approach with a deep transfer learning model for detecting Alzheimer's disease utilizing brain imaging data. The hybrid filtering method integrates the Adaptive Non-Local Means filter with a Sharpening filter for image preprocessing. Furthermore, the deep learning model used in this study is constructed on the EfficientNetV2B3 architecture, augmented with additional layers and fine-tuning to guarantee effective classification among four categories: Mild, moderate, very mild, and non-demented. The work employs Grad-CAM++ to enhance interpretability by localizing disease-relevant characteristics in brain images. The experimental assessment, performed on a publicly accessible dataset, illustrates the ability of the model to achieve an accuracy of 99.45%. These findings underscore the capability of sophisticated deep learning methodologies to aid clinicians in accurately identifying Alzheimer's disease.

Deep learning and machine learning are cutting-edge methods for analysing images that have considerable potential. Artificial Neural Networks (A-NNs), one of the most well-known methods of computer intelligence, are now used in machine learning (ML) and deep transfer learning (DL) to raise plant production and quality. Identification and primary prevention of plant diseases at the appropriate time are essential for boosting productivity. Due to the phenomenon of minimally intense data in the background and foreground areas of the image, the extensive colour similarity between regions of unhealthy and normal leaves, the presence of noise in the sampling data, and changes in the location, size, and shape of plant leaf, it is difficult to correctly identify and classify plant diseases. In an effort to address these issues, a reliable technique for classifying plant diseases was developed by using a deep AlexNet CNN architecture as the main network with batch normalisation. In the three-step process, the first annotation is made to obtain the RoI (region of interest). The AlexNet CNN is therefore suggested for deep primary feature extraction in a constructed efficient network. The research demonstrates that the existing strategy is superior to more recent ones in terms of accuracy and dependability in recognising diseases in plants. Based on a deep transfer AlexNet CNN model, this research work developed a model for diseases identification and classification in plant leaves. It is trained using additional datasets that include a variety of plant leaf classifications and background images. From Plant Village and Kaggle, we gathered data on healthy and diseased tomato plant leaves. We are obtaining a near-balanced dataset containing ten different leaf disease kinds, such as bacterial, fungal, viral, and nutrient insufficiency. Ten classes have been considered for this research by gathering a dataset with associated images of the typical and abnormal tomato plant leaves. Considered in this work were the various labels for healthy and diseased tomato leaves, such as early blight, Bacterial spot, late bright mold, healthy, etc. Since deep CNN models have shown notable machine vision results, they are used in this case to diagnose and categorise plant illnesses from their leaves. As a result, the proposed CNN models can thus now be evaluated from confusion matrix using data analysis criteria, primarily focusing on metrics for evaluation like training and validation accuracy, loss, Recall, Precision, F1 score, processing speed, and performance.

Cotton, being a crucial cash crop globally, faces significant challenges due to multiple diseases that adversely affect its quality and yield. To identify such diseases is very important for the implementation of effective management strategies for sustainable agriculture. Image recognition plays an important role for the timely and accurate identification of diseases in cotton plants as it allows farmers to implement effective interventions and optimize resource allocation. Additionally, deep learning has begun as a powerful technique for to detect diseases in crops using images. Hence, the significance of this work lies in its potential to mitigate the impact of these diseases, which cause significant damage to the cotton and decrease fibre quality and promote sustainable agricultural practices. This paper investigates the role of deep transfer learning techniques such as EfficientNet models, Xception, ResNet models, Inception, VGG, DenseNet, MobileNet, and InceptionResNet for cotton plant disease detection. A complete dataset of infected cotton plants having diseases like Bacterial Blight, Target Spot, Powdery Mildew, Aphids, and Army Worm along with the healthy ones is used. After pre-processing the images of the dataset, their region of interest is obtained by applying feature extraction techniques such as the generation of the biggest contour, identification of extreme points, cropping of relevant regions, and segmenting the objects using adaptive thresholding. During experimentation, it is found that the EfficientNetB3 model outperforms in accuracy, loss, as well as root mean square error by obtaining 99.96%, 0.149, and 0.386 respectively. However, other models also show the good performance in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score, with high scores close to 0.98 or 1.00, except for VGG19. The findings of the paper emphasize the prospective of deep transfer learning as a viable technique for cotton plant disease diagnosis by providing a cost-effective and efficient solution for crop disease monitoring and management. This strategy can also help to improve agricultural practices by ensuring sustainable cotton farming and increased crop output.

Agriculture is a vital industry that adds significantly to the global economy. Researchers are currently starting to investigate the prospect of integrating deep learning techniques and machine learning into agriculture, due to recent developments in technologies for deep learning. The paper examines several deep neural network designs and machine learning techniques used in agriculture, including irrigation, weeding, pattern recognition, and crop disease identification. The primary goal of this study is to determine multiple uses of deep learning in agriculture and to summarise existing state-of-the-art approaches. The review addresses the particular deep learning algorithms utilized, the sources of data used, study achievement, the equipment used, and the possibility for immediate application as well as integration with autonomous mechanical platforms. According to the results of the chapter, the use of deep learning research outperforms typical machine learning techniques in terms of reliability. In general, the study indicates the enormous potential of deep learning and machine learning in agriculture and the necessity for additional study in this field. It may be able to improve agricultural efficiency, decrease waste, and raise the yields of crops by utilizing the potential of these methods, ultimately enhancing the worldwide availability of food

Deep transfer learning for comprehensive diagnosis of cotton leaf pathologies.

In the quest for more food production to feed the booming population of the modern world, maintaining plant health is critical to ensuring global food security. In this regard, one important field of study is the early and precise identification of plant diseases. Artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning approaches, in particular, have demonstrated encouraging advances in this subject in recent years. Using the “A Database of Leaf Images: Practice towards Plant Conservation with Plant Pathology” dataset, this study explores the use of deep learning-based methods for the diagnosis of plant diseases. The research evaluates the effectiveness of well-known deep transfer learning models, including VGG16, GoogleNet, ResNet50, and DarkNet53, in correctly sorting leaf images into healthy and unhealthy categories. The results showed great promise, especially for DarkNet53, which achieved an accuracy of 99.7%. VGG16 and ResNet50 followed with 97% and 90% accuracy, respectively. Through the provision of a unique approach to early disease diagnosis, assistance in maintaining crop health and reduction of agricultural waste, these findings contribute to sustainability. By using cutting-edge deep learning technology to potentially improve food security, promote human health, foster agricultural technological advancement, encourage sustainable production practices, and support climate adaptation efforts, the current study is said to be in line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as Zero Hunger, Good Health and Well-Being, Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure, Responsible Consumption and Production, and Climate Action.

Manual identification of tomato leaf diseases is a time-consuming and laborious process that may lead to inaccurate results without professional assistance. Therefore, an automated, early, and precise leaf disease recognition system is essential for farmers to ensure the quality and quantity of tomato production by providing timely interventions to mitigate disease spread. In this study, we have proposed seven robust Bayesian optimized deep hybrid learning models leveraging the synergy between deep learning and machine learning for the automated classification of ten types of tomato leaves (nine diseased and one healthy). We customized the popular Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm for automatic feature extraction due to its ability to capture spatial hierarchies of features directly from raw data and classical machine learning techniques [Random Forest (RF), XGBoost, GaussianNB (GNB), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)], and stacking for classifications. Additionally, the study incorported a Boruta feature filtering layer to capture the statistically significant features. The standard, research-oriented PlantVillage dataset was used for the performance testing, which facilitates benchmarking against prior research and enables meaningful comparisons of classification performance across different approaches. We utilized a variety of statistical classification metrics to demonstrate the robustness of our models. Using the CNN-Stacking model, this study achieved the highest classification performance among the seven hybrid models. On an unseen dataset, this model achieved average precision, recall, f1-score, mcc, and accuracy values of 98.527%, 98.533%, 98.527%, 98.525%, and 98.268%, respectively. Our study requires only 0.174 s of testing time to correctly identify noisy, blurry, and transformed images. This indicates our approach's time efficiency and generalizability in images captured under challenging lighting conditions and with complex backgrounds. Based on the comparative analysis, our approach is superior and computationally inexpensive compared to the existing studies. This work will aid in developing a smartphone app to offer farmers a real-time disease diagnosis tool and management strategies.

Automated screening and diagnostic process in the healthcare sector improves services, reduces cost and labour. With the developments of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models, intelligent disease diagnosis models can be designed. Retinal fundus image classification using DL models becomes essential for the identification and classification of distinct retinal diseases. This article develops a salp swarm optimisation with deep transfer learning enabled retinal fundus image classification (SSODTL-RFIC) model. The proposed SSODTL-RFIC model examines the retinal fundus image for the existence of diseases. In addition, a median filtering (MF) approach is employed for the noise removal process and graph cut (GC) segmentation is applied. Besides, MobileNetv1 feature extractor is involved to produce feature vectors. Finally, SSO with cascade forward neural network (CFNN) model is applied for recognition and classification process. A widespread experimentation process is performed on benchmark datasets to examine the enhanced performance of the SSODTL-RFIC model, an extensive comparative examination pointed out the supremacy of the SSODTL-RFIC model over the recent approaches with maximum accuracy of 98.71% and 99.12% on the test ARIA and STARE datasets respectively.

Objectives: This study aims to develop a robust medical recognition system using deep learning for the identification of various lung diseases, including COVID-19, pneumonia, lung opacity, and normal states, from chest X-ray images. The focus is on implementing ensemble fixed features learning methods to enhance diagnostic capabilities, contributing to the development of a cost-effective and reliable diagnostic tool for combating the global epidemic of lung disorders. Methods: The study utilizes a Kaggle dataset containing COVID-19 chest radiography images. Raw X-ray images undergo preprocessing for contrast enhancement and noise removal while addressing dataset imbalance through near-miss resampling. Ensemble learning techniques, including two and three-level methods, are employed to harness the strengths of individual base learners—VGG16, InceptionV3, and MobileNetV2. The model's performance is evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score. For remote access, a user interface and a shared web link are developed using Python Gradio. Findings: In two-level ensembles, features from base learners are concatenated and classified using a support vector machine. Three-level ensembles use concatenated features classified by three machine learning classifiers, employing a majority voting system for the final prediction. The two-level method achieved 93% accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The three-level ensemble model demonstrates superior performance, achieving 94% accuracy in detecting four lung diseases, namely COVID-19, pneumonia, lung opacity, and normal states. Novelty: This research contributes to the field by showcasing the efficacy of deep learning technology, particularly ensemble learning, in enhancing the detection of lung diseases from raw chest X-ray images. The model employs three modified and efficient pretrained networks for automatic feature extraction, eliminating the need for manual feature engineering. The developed model stands as a promising decision-support tool for healthcare professionals, particularly in low-resource environments. Keywords: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Learning (DL), Transfer Learning (TL), Ensemble learning (EL), Fixed feature extraction, Chest X­rays (CXR), Lung diseases

Background/Objectives: Agriculture is a major food source for Ethiopian population. Plant diseases contribute a great production loss, which can be addressed with continuous monitoring. Early plant disease identification using computer vision and Artificial Intelligence (AI) helps the farmers to take preventive course of action to increase production quality. Manual plant disease identification is strenuous and error-prone. Methods: In this study, we present a convolutional neural network architecture inception-v3 model to detect potato leaf diseases using a deep learning-based transfer learning technique. We used separable convolution in the inception block that can minimize the number of parameters by an outsized margin and to utilize resource efficiently. The inception-V3 model have a higher training accuracy and needs less training time than the main CNN architecture, as the used parameters are fewer. Findings: In this study, there is an improvement on the little noisy on sample images which leads to misidentification of diseases. In our experiment, we have used an RGB color channel image dataset to train model, which yields an overall accuracy performance of 98.7% on the heldout test set. Novelty: In order to identify potato leave diseases, we conducted transfer learning for high performance classification with pixel-wise operation to enhance the number of leaf images. A model based on inception-v3 transfer learning approach is presented in this study for disease identification of potato leave images, thus provide an effective computer-aided recognition model for potato disease classification in the absence of large data. Keywords: Artificial intelligence; convolutional neural network; deep learning; leaf disease identification; Softmax

Artificial intelligence is rapidly rising in the field of health care which enhances the ability of machines to perform intelligent work. It is getting deployed for clinical research, human activity recognition, disease identification, survival predictions, and many other applications. Machine learning to deep learning which are the subsets of AI is working together to transform the healthcare potentials that allow the machine to learn automatically for accurate predictions which is much more flexible and scalable as compared to traditional biostatistical methods. There are a large number of the publicly available dataset that could be employed for learning in healthcare applications. With the availability of automated learning techniques, it helps the medical society to improvise their knowledge in model development and application. The paper illustrates the comparative study of different deep learning techniques employed for healthcare applications. Deep learning has a much broad future in health care for image interpretation and detection, data extraction, quality improvisation, disease risk prediction, etc., that need deep research and evaluation. Deep learning has the ability to learn heterogeneous data type for different types of detection and predictions. In this review, we have discussed the advantages and challenges of deep learning in health care.

We live in the age of algorithms, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) systems, which are transforming industries such as manufacturing, transportation, and management. DL improves performance in multiple areas, such as computer vision, text analysis, and speech. Deal with over time. Due to the extensive use of machine learning and machine learning algorithms in many fields, these technologies are inseparable from our daily lives. Healthcare is now being influenced by the ML/DL algorithm. Artificial intelligence (AI), ML, and DL have been steadily infiltrating the medical industry over the past few years. Now consider that we live remotely from the hospital, we don't have adequate money to pay the hospital bill, or we don't have ample time to start. In such cases, diagnosing the disease with sophisticated equipment will save lives. Scientists have developed AI/DL-based diagnosis algorithms to diagnose a range of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, lung disease, heart disease, diabetic retinopathy, hepatitis, Alzheimer's disease, liver disease, dengue fever, and Parkinson's disease. Various ML/DL algorithms have been investigated by researchers to diagnose diseases. The ML/DL algorithm has been approved by researchers for use in diagnosing a variety of diseases. However, security and privacy are two big concerns in 5G-enabled Healthcare Informatics. Not only is it seen as having the potential to damage the monetary penalty, but it also creates much more serious issues, such as consumer confidence, social trust, and personal safety. The main DL strategies used in 5G scenarios as well as the most common scenarios used to evaluate 5G and DL integration are covered in this chapter. Its aim is to examine the use of DL in the effective diagnosis of disease risk factors, thus assisting medical professionals in making specific decisions. Three separate case studies are also explored in detail to explain the importance of DL techniques to disease diagnosis. This chapter focuses on recent advances in DL that have had a significant impact on disease identification and treatment.

Using deep transfer learning for image-based plant disease identification

The Rice crop is considered one of the most widely grown crops in Asia and it is susceptible to various types of illnesses at different stages of production. Food safety and production can be affected by rice plant diseases, as well as a significant decline in the quality and quantity of agricultural goods. Plant diseases can potentially prevent grain harvesting entirely in severe circumstances. As a result, automation of identification and diagnosis of plant disease is widely needed in the agriculture field. Many approaches for doing this problem have been offered with deep learning rising as the preferred method because of its excellent achievement. In this proposed research, we used Hybrid deep CNN transfer learning with rice plant images or the classification and identification of various rice diseases, we employed Transfer Learning to generate our deep learning model using Rice_Leaf_Dataset from a secondary source. The proposed model is 90.8% accurate, Experiments show that the proposed approach is viable, and it can be used to detect plant diseases efficiently and outperformed.

The prerequisite for a (extremely) huge dataset is for the most part the fundamental part that is formed against deep learning algorithms. The testing accuracy of deep learning models is not sufficient, as they require huge datasets for preparing. The testing accuracy of deep learning model is not good for unseen images or those not used at the time of training. Earlier research on deep unsupervised learning is also limited. There is an application of image search, which is based on content based searching. This content-based image searching is the solution for the problem of large dataset where the model is trained with fewer images. Similar images are retrieved by calculating distance to find nearest neighbors. In this paper pre train VGG16, deep convolution neural network is used to train the model using a rice image dataset. This image-based dataset includes four diseases of rice plant, the models learn the image features, and similar images are retrieved by calculating nearest neighbors. The input feature length also reduced with the help of PCA. At last comparison of nearest neighbor algorithm is also performed.