Abstract
Abstract. Volcanic eruptions are a key source of climatic variability, and reconstructing their past impact can improve our understanding of the operation of the climate system and increase the accuracy of future climate projections. Two annually resolved and independently dated palaeoarchives – tree rings and polar ice cores – can be used in tandem to assess the timing, strength and climatic impact of volcanic eruptions over the past ∼ 2500 years. The quantification of post-volcanic climate responses, however, has at times been hampered by differences between simulated and observed temperature responses that raised questions regarding the robustness of the chronologies of both archives. While many chronological mismatches have been resolved, the precise timing and climatic impact of two major sulfate-emitting volcanic eruptions during the 1450s CE, including the largest atmospheric sulfate-loading event in the last 700 years, have not been constrained. Here we explore this issue through a combination of tephrochronological evidence and high-resolution ice-core chemistry measurements from a Greenland ice core, the TUNU2013 record. We identify tephra from the historically dated 1477 CE eruption of the Icelandic Veiðivötn–Bárðarbunga volcanic system in direct association with a notable sulfate peak in TUNU2013 attributed to this event, confirming that this peak can be used as a reliable and precise time marker. Using seasonal cycles in several chemical elements and 1477 CE as a fixed chronological point shows that ages of 1453 CE and 1458 CE can be attributed, with high precision, to the start of two other notable sulfate peaks. This confirms the accuracy of a recent Greenland ice-core chronology over the middle to late 15th century and corroborates the findings of recent volcanic reconstructions from Greenland and Antarctica. Overall, this implies that large-scale Northern Hemisphere climatic cooling affecting tree-ring growth in 1453 CE was caused by a Northern Hemisphere volcanic eruption in 1452 or early 1453 CE, and then a Southern Hemisphere eruption, previously assumed to have triggered the cooling, occurred later in 1457 or 1458 CE. The direct attribution of the 1477 CE sulfate peak to the eruption of Veiðivötn, one of the most explosive from Iceland in the last 1200 years, also provides the opportunity to assess the eruption's climatic impact. A tree-ring-based reconstruction of Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures shows a cooling in the aftermath of the eruption of −0.35 ∘C relative to a 1961–1990 CE reference period and −0.1 ∘C relative to the 30-year period around the event, as well as a relatively weak and spatially incoherent climatic response in comparison to the less explosive but longer-lasting Icelandic Eldgjá 939 CE and Laki 1783 CE eruptions. In addition, the Veiðivötn 1477 CE eruption occurred around the inception of the Little Ice Age and could be used as a chronostratigraphic marker to constrain the phasing and spatial variability of climate changes over this transition if it can be traced in more regional palaeoclimatic archives.
Highlights
1.1 Assessing the timing, strength and climatic impact of volcanic eruptionsVolcanic eruptions are a key source of natural climatic variability, with the sulfate aerosols they emit into the stratosphere shielding the Earth from solar radiation and causing short-term cooling from a local to global scale (Robock, 2000; Sigl et al, 2015)
The sharp and narrow peak in sulfate concentrations observed in 1477 CE and the short delay following the particle concentration peak are more typical of a Northern Hemisphere eruption local to Greenland, and the timing of their deposition early in 1477 CE, i.e. during winter, is consistent with the historical date for the V1477 eruption
Using sulfate and particle concentration records as a guide, volcanic ash from the Icelandic eruption of Veiðivötn in 1477 CE has been identified as a cryptotephra in the TUNU2013 Greenland ice core
Summary
1.1 Assessing the timing, strength and climatic impact of volcanic eruptionsVolcanic eruptions are a key source of natural climatic variability, with the sulfate aerosols they emit into the stratosphere shielding the Earth from solar radiation and causing short-term cooling from a local to global scale (Robock, 2000; Sigl et al, 2015). The most notable of these unsolved questions is the apparent discrepancy between the timing of two major sulfuremitting volcanic eruptions, including the largest sulfateloading event in the last 700 years, and large-scale climatic cooling observed during the 1450s CE (Esper et al, 2017). This time period aligns with the inception of the “Little Ice Age” (LIA; Grove, 2012) in the Northern Hemisphere This time period aligns with the inception of the “Little Ice Age” (LIA; Grove, 2012) in the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. Owens et al, 2017; Büntgen et al, 2020)
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