Abstract
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) states that it is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcing together. The global warming is indicative in atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. Among them, the cryosphere warming leads to melting and retreating of glaciers, degradation of permafrost, and reduction in extent of snow cover and sea ice.
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