Cryogenic cooling services for the Thirty Meter Telescope

The Swarm mission concept is innovative in its recognition that high-quality measurements of the geomagnetic field from LEO require accurate knowledge of Earth’s plasma environment, and furthermore that combined, precision measurements of fields, plasmas and neutral density from polar orbit provide a new window into ionosphere-thermosphere-magnetosphere (ITM) coupling and science. During the first decade of operations, event-based studies have led to new discoveries such as extreme plasma flows associated with the Birkeland current systems, the electrodynamic structure of multiple auroral arcs, the sub-auroral “STEVE” phenomenon, and the existence of standing Alfvén waves at equatorial latitudes. At the same time, the mission has accumulated an extensive database of measurements at high spatial resolution collected over a wide range of condition covering nearly a full solar cycle; these data have been used in longer-term statistical studies of plasma properties, high-latitude convection and ITM coupling via Poynting flux. As we enter the next decade of operations, the Swarm data are increasingly being used to inform empirical and physics-based models of the ionosphere; these in turn will comprise an important part of the long-term legacy of the Swarm mission. This talk will highlight scientific discoveries from the first decade of EFI operations, centred on observations of ion flows and associated electric fields from the EFI’s Thermal Ion Imagers, and made possible by a large and active community of collaborators. 

Accurate and reliable calibration of the Advanced LIGO detectors has enabled a plethora of gravitational-wave discoveries in the detectors' first decade of operation, starting with the ground-breaking discovery, GW150914. In the first decade of operation, the calibrated strain data from Advanced LIGO detectors has become available at a lower latency and with more reliability. In this paper, we discuss the relevant history of Advanced LIGO calibration and introduce new tools that have been developed to enable faster and more robust calibrated strain data products in the fourth observing run (O4). 
We discuss improvements to the robustness, reliability, and accuracy of the low-latency calibration pipeline as well as the development of a new tool for monitoring the LIGO detector calibration in real time.

The OpenSE Cookbook is an open-sourced collection of patterns, procedures, and best practices targeted for systems engineers who seek guidance on applying model-based and executable systems engineering (MBSE) using SysML. Its content has emerged from the system level modeling effort on the European Framework Program 6 (FP6) and the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). The TMT MBSE approach applied the Executable Systems Engineering Method (ESEM) and the open-source Engineering Environment (OpenMBEE) to specify, analyze, and verify requirements of TMT’s Alignment and Phasing System (APS) and the Narrow Field Infrared Adaptive Optics System (NFIRAOS). In these applications, implicit dependencies are made explicit in a formal model through the use of ESEM, OpenMBEE, and SysML modeling constructs. The value proposition for applying this MBSE approach was to establish precise requirements and fine-grained traceability to system designs, and to verify key requirements beginning early in development. The integration of ESEM and the OpenMBEE tooling infrastructure (providing linked-data and web-operability) is a significant added value for the MBSE approach. The APS is responsible for the overall pre-adaptive optics wavefront quality, using starlight to measure wavefront errors and align the TMT optics. In the formally integrated and executable SysML model, simulations are performed to analyze the impact of changed requirements and verify specified constraints for various operational scenarios. The APS team used several modeling patterns to capture information such as the requirements, the operational scenarios, involved subsystems and their interaction points, the estimated or required time durations, and the mass and power consumption. Adaptive optics systems are designed to sense real-time atmospheric turbulence and correct the telescope’s optical beam to remove its effect. The system model for the adaptive optics operational modes was developed to capture sequence behaviors and operational scenarios to run Monte-Carlo simulations for verifying acquisition time, observing efficiency, and operational behavior requirements. The model is particularly useful for investigating the effect of parallelization, identifying interface issues, and re-ordering sequence acquisition tasks. A former version of the Cookbook (which is now updated to MBSE challenges, goals, and lessons learned) included modeling guidelines and conventions for all system aspects, hierarchy levels, and views, which were developed during for the Active Phasing Experiment (APE), an opto-mechatronical system technology demonstrator for the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). The Cookbook utilizes the above mentioned system models as real-world case-studies to demonstrate and document the applications of the recipes, providing also instructional examples and addressing the available tooling support. The Cookbook is accompanied by a number of SysML models and aodel libraries which facilitate model authoring and maintenance. The Cookbook covers the different aspects of Systems Engineering such as management of Requirements, Design (behavior and structure), Interfaces, Interdisciplinary Integration, Analysis, Trade Studies, and Technical Resources. This paper presents the background, motivation, architecture, and highlights some key content of the Cookbook. For example, interface management, error budget management, requirements verification, Monte Carlo driven analysis, and timing analysis of operational scenarios. The paper discusses how the capabilities of OpenMBEE contributed significantly to the adoption of executable systems engineering.

The coastal ocean observing system in the Gulf of Maine was deployed in the summer of 2001. The system operated a real-time data buoy array that collected oceanographic and meteorological measurements in a 24/7 operation at as many as 11 locations in the Gulf of Maine (GoM). The data return of the GoM sensor array has averaged approximately 90% over its first decade of operation. In addition to the hourly operational data delivery to several online websites, the University of Maine provides an archive of data and model output that are significantly advancing the scientific understanding of the GoM as a physical and ecological system. Over the decade of operation, the data have revealed marked seasonal and interannual variability of the circulation and physical properties of the gulf. From the time of the initial deployments in the summer of 2001, the GoM buoy array has been an unusually comprehensive suite of oceanographic sensors including surface current meters, Doppler current profilers for subsurface currents, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorometers, radiometers, multi wavelength absorption, and attenuation sensors at multiple depths. In addition, wave instruments and meteorological sensors were deployed on the buoys including air temperature, wind speed and direction, atmospheric pressure, and forward scattering visibility. In recent years the sampling scheme of the system has increased in resolution beyond hourly for several high-value data streams. The meteorological data are collected at ten-minute intervals, and water-column temperature and salinity are measured at three-minute intervals to provide records of internal wave activity. The higher frequency records are not provided in real-time. The full ten-minute meteorological data are updated hourly (or half-hourly during storm events), and the higher frequency temperature and salinity data are updated semi annually. Wave measurements have recently included wave directional spectra. The broad suite of sensors on the GoM Integrated Ocean Observing System (GoMIOOS) serve a wide variety of real-time oceanographic and marine meteorological data and data products to scientists, state and federal regulators, the National Weather Service, the US and Canadian Coast Guards, educators, regional natural-resource managers, the Gulf of Maine fishing and maritime industries, fishermen, boaters, and the general public. The success of the system has resulted inan energized and enthusiastic scientific and technical community involved in operational ocean observing activities, and a large user group which have come to depend on the real-time data streams the system provides. The first decade of data collected by the GoMIOOS has provided a wealth of scientific information, and lead to a new understating in of the oceanography of the GoM. In many cases the buoy array provided the first baseline information as well as the first comprehensive characterizations of marked seasonal and interannual variability of the circulation and physical properties of the Gulf. Between the fall of 2004 and spring of 2005 Doppler currents measured, for the first time, outflow of deep salty slope waters that suggested a regime shift in the transports through the Northeast Channel (NEC). Experiments from earlier decades consistently observed inflow of dense slope waters throughout all seasons. During the same period a salinity anomaly event lowered salinity throughout the GoM by roughly 2 psu by the winter of 2005. In following years, the previously unusual slope outflow and reduced salinity have often reoccurred. These modern measurements are oceanographic anomalies that suggest climate change may be causing significant physical transformations. Ocean sensors, ocean platform technologies, and modeling and visualization techniques are in a period of rapid technical development. If stable funding can be achieved, the capabilities of operational ocean observing systems will increase dramatically over the next decade. Autonomous vehicles could become the fast response survey fleet of the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®), as well as the workhorses for routine, sustained, marine survey functions that are currently prohibitively expensive using research vessels. Practical autonomous vehicles will likely expand beyond gliders and propeller-driven autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to include autonomous surface vessels (ASVs). The combination of time-series measurements from profiling packages on buoy arrays with the repeated spatial surveys of the autonomous fleets will provide a new look at our coastal oceans that could transform coastal ocean science and management.

The year 2012 marks a decade of observations undertaken by the U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) under the auspices of NOAA's National Climatic Data Center and Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division. The network consists of 114 sites across the conterminous 48 states, with additional sites in Alaska and Hawaii. Stations are installed in open (where possible), rural sites very likely to have stable land-cover/use conditions for several decades to come. At each site a suite of meteorological parameters are monitored, including triple redundancy for the primary air temperature and precipitation variables and for soil moisture/temperature. Instrumentation is regularly calibrated to National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) standards and maintained by a staff of expert engineers. This attention to detail in USCRN is intended to ensure the creation of an unimpeachable record of changes in surface climate over the United States for decades to come. Data are made available without restriction for all public, private, and government use. This article describes the rationale for the USCRN, its implementation, and some of the highlights of the first decade of operations. One critical use of these observations is as an independent data source to verify the existing U.S. temperature record derived from networks corrected for nonhomogenous histories. Future directions for the network are also discussed, including the applicability of USCRN approaches for networks monitoring climate at scales from regional to global. Constructive feedback from end users will allow for continued improvement of USCRN in the future and ensure that it continues to meet stakeholder requirements for precise climate measurements.

This case describes the growth of ReNew Power during its first decade of operation. Sumant Sinha, a first-generation entrepreneur and former banker, founded the company, which grew from a modest generator-cum-developer of wind energy-based electricity to one of India's largest companies in the renewable energy sector. With the entry of large, well-funded players such as Tata Power and Adani Green into the Indian renewable sector by the end of 2020, Sinha had to make a strategic decision: should ReNew continue to organically scale up its presence in an increasingly competitive yet expanding Indian renewable energy sector, should it diversify geographically, or should it pursue emerging opportunities for vertical or horizontal integration within the sector? The case provides an opportunity to discuss how alternative business models and competitive scenarios may facilitate or inhibit the growth of a player in the renewable energy sector.

The Production of Military Supplies at the Alabama State Penitentiary During the Civil War Brett J. Derbes (bio) The confederacy seemed to expand for soldiers on far-flung fields during the Civil War, but for inmates in the Alabama State Penitentiary, it remained limited to their cell, workshop, and prison yard. Nonetheless, prisoners participated in the war by supplying soldiers with crucial wartime supplies that reached far beyond the prison walls. The Union naval blockade of the southern coast disrupted trade, which increased the demand for goods, required expanded domestic production, and pushed extant manufactories to the limit. The penitentiary in Wetumpka had operated workshops using inmate labor during the antebellum era that the lessees now converted to produce military supplies for Confederate soldiers during the Civil War. The largely unknown penitentiary workshops contributed to Alabama’s manufacturing and industrial capabilities, and utilized a cost-effective, available, and reliable source of labor. The production of prison goods thus assisted Confederate soldiers’ ability to wage war, made the penitentiary a profitable enterprise, and contributed revenue to the State Treasury.1 The study of Confederate supply and logistics is essential to developing a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by the Confederacy during the Civil War. Inadequate southern industry, transportation, and communication greatly contributed to shortages of all types. Prison labor competed with antebellum local private businessmen, and the sale of prison goods was not a profitable antebellum enterprise. When the country erupted in Civil War, the workshops turned to manufacturing a variety of military supplies, including knapsacks, shoes, wagon covers, and a variety of tents. The [End Page 131] variety and amount of canvas goods produced at the penitentiary workshops depended largely on manpower, the amount paid per item at the Montgomery Depot, and the availability of materials. In 1863, however, Governor Thomas H. Watts pardoned some inmates to serve in the Confederate military, undermining production. As the war dragged on, a shortage of raw materials also affected the major canvas supplier in Tallassee, which halted the manufacture of tents and wagon covers by the summer of 1864. In the spring of 1865, Union forces under the command of General James H. Wilson targeted Confederate manufactories in Central Alabama, overtook the penitentiary, and released all the remaining inmates. Several works already explore the establishment of penitentiaries in the United States during the antebellum era, while other books investigate industry in the Confederacy. Yet, none provide a detailed analysis of the production of military supplies by inmate labor in workshops at the Alabama State Penitentiary. On October 25, 1935, at the first annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association, in Birmingham, Alabama, Charles W. Ramsdell brought attention to the extremely important but neglected subjects of supply and logistics within Confederate historiography. Yet, the daunting prospect of collecting scattered receipts, reports, and private account books delayed examinations of the contributions of state penitentiaries to Confederate supply.2 Robert David Ward and William Warren Rogers notably investigated interstate cooperation between Mississippi and Alabama regarding the transfer and confinement of inmates during the Civil War. They produced a comprehensive examination of the antebellum penal system and first state penitentiary, and discovered that Alabama was an integral part of the national movement for prison reform. Their work included valuable information regarding wartime management of the facility, but devoted only limited attention to the quality, quantity, and variety of prison goods manufactured during the Civil War. Similarly, Mary Ann Neeley’s Presidential Address to the [End Page 132] Alabama Historical Association in 1990 described the establishment, living conditions, management, manufacturing, and finances of the penitentiary, but limited her study to the first decade of operation. Neeley noted that public demand for moral reform and legislators’ desire to create a self-sustaining enterprise drove the construction of a house of incarceration that included workshops.3 The largely unexplored wartime production of military supplies with inmate labor depended on the establishment of a state penitentiary and expansion of prison workshops. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the prewar history of the Alabama State Penitentiary. While the territory of Alabama achieved statehood in 1819, it lacked a prison system for nearly twenty years. Governor John Gayle, who opposed the...

Success with the DOTS strategy

In 2003, New Zealand introduced a novel “expression of interest” (EOI) system for selecting skilled migrants. In 2012, Australia adopted a similar approach while the Canadian government is proposing to adopt a variant of the EOI system in 2015. From being a follower of Canadian and Australian immigration policy initiatives, New Zealand has become the innovator. This paper examines the reasons for this significant policy shift and reviews some outcomes of the EOI system during the first decade of operation. As the international competition for talent intensifies, such policy innovation is essential if countries are going to attract skilled migrants.

This chapter analyses the investigative and prosecutorial strategy of the ICC over its first decade of operations, with a specific focus on the investigation and prosecution of sexual and gender-based violence. The prosecution of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is used as a case study to highlight the numerous strategic failures made, at both the investigation and trial phase, by the ICC's first Prosecutor, Luis-Moreno Ocampo, including the over-reliance on evidence obtained pursuant to confidentiality agreements under Article 54(3)(e), the failure to properly supervise the use of intermediaries, inadequate field investigations, the entire absence of charges for gender-based crimes, and the inability or unwillingness to obey direct orders from the Trial Chamber that resulted in the unprecedented imposition of two stays of proceedings in the case. In light of the verdict in the Lubanga trial, the chapter argues that the serious systemic flaws and strategic errors that were exemplified in that case have spread to other Situations and cases, which, unless they are urgently addressed by the new Prosecutor, will continue to give rise to unreliable or insufficient evidence and continue to undermine efforts to pursue comprehensive and professional international criminal prosecutions. The chapter goes on to examine some of the practical consequences of the investigative and prosecutorial strategy pursued by Chief Prosecutor Ocampo, including the failure of over half of all charges relating to sexual and gender-based violence to be confirmed for trial, the over-reliance on indirect or open-source evidence in the absence of sufficient field investigations, the judicial criticisms of the Prosecutor's understanding of his requirements under Article 54(1)(a) and the repeated findings that specific charges or legal characterisations of fact are unsupported by sufficient prosecution evidence. The valuable strategic lessons which can be drawn from an examination of an international criminal tribunal's record in relation to sexual and gender-based crimes are both emblematic of and directly applicable to the investigation and prosecution of other crimes within the Court's jurisdiction.

Immigrants and Savers: A Rich New Database on the Irish in 1850s New York

Integrated services for mothers with dual diagnoses and their children. Arkansas Center for Addictions Research, Education, and Services ( Arkansas CARES).

The second Fermi/LAT gamma-ray burst (GRB) Catalogue (2FLGC) spanning the first decade of operations by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) collaboration was recently released. The closure relations of the synchrotron forward shock (FS) model are not able to reproduce a sizeable portion of the afterglow-phase light curves in this collection, indicating that there may be a large contribution from some other mechanism. Recently, synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) light curves from the reverse shock (RS) regions were derived in the thick- and thin-shell regimes for a constant-density medium, and it was demonstrated that analytical light curves could explain the GeV flare observed in several bursts from 2FLGC, including GRB 160509A. Here, we generalize the SSC RS scenario from the constant density to a stratified medium, and show that this contribution helps to describe the early light curves exhibited in some Fermi/LAT-detected bursts. As a particular case, we model a sample of eight bursts that exhibited a short-lasting emission with the synchrotron and SSC model from FS and RS regions, evolving in a stellar-wind environment, constraining the microphysical parameters, the circumburst density, the bulk Lorentz factor, and the fraction of shock-accelerated electrons. We demonstrate that the highest energy photons can only be described by the SSC from the FS region.

Conceptual designs for O2/H2 chemical and resistojet propulsion systems for the space station was developed and evaluated. The evolution of propulsion requirements was considered as the space station configuration and its utilization as a space transportation node change over the first decade of operation. The characteristics of candidate O2/H2 auxiliary propulsion systems are determined, and opportunities for integration with the OTV tank farm and the space station life support, power and thermal control subsystems are investigated. OTV tank farm boiloff can provide a major portion of the growth station impulse requirements and CO2 from the life support system can be a significant propellant resource, provided it is not denied by closure of that subsystem. Waste heat from the thermal control system is sufficient for many propellant conditioning requirements. It is concluded that the optimum level of subsystem integration must be based on higher level space station studies.

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to contribute to knowledge about the diversity of credibility arrangements in new audit spaces “in the margins” of auditing and the implications of such arrangements.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on an in-depth qualitative study of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) rights certification run by the Swedish Federation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and Intersex Rights (RFSL) during its first decade of operation. We have interviewed employees and studied documents at the certification units within the RFSL. We have also interviewed certified organizations.FindingsWe highlight two features that explain the unusual credibility arrangements in this audit practice: the role of beneficiaries in the organizational arrangements chosen and the role of responsibility as an organizing value with consequences for responsibility allocation in this certification. These features make it possible for the RFSL to act as a credible auditor even though it deviates from common arrangements for credible audits.Originality/valueThe RFSL certification is different in several ways. First, the RFSL acts as both a trainer and an auditor. Second, the trainers/auditors at the RFSL have no accreditation to guarantee their credibility. Third, the RFSL decides for itself what standards should apply for the certification and adapts these standards to the operation being audited. Therefore, this case provides a good opportunity to study alternative credibility arrangements in the margins of auditing as well as their justifications.