Abstract
Plant hormones through signaling networks mutually regulate several signaling and metabolic systems essential for both plant development and plant responses to different environmental stresses. Extensive research has enabled the main effects of all known phytohormones classes to be identified. Therefore, it is now possible to investigate the interesting topic of plant hormonal crosstalk more fully. In this review, we focus on the role of brassinosteroids and ethylene during plant growth and development especially flowering, ripening of fruits, apical hook development, and root and shoot growth. As well as it summarizes their interaction during various abiotic stress conditions.
Highlights
To date, nine groups of plant hormones have been identified, i.e., auxins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, jasmonic acid, strigolactones, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid
We focus on the role of brassinosteroids and ethylene during plant growth and development especially flowering, ripening of fruits, apical hook development, and root and shoot growth
Manzano and co-workers [18] studied the effect of ethylene and BRs on flower development in different lines of Cucurbita pepo plants, i.e., Bolognese (Bog) and Vegetable Spaghetti (Veg), which differ in ethylene production and sensitivity
Summary
Nine groups of plant hormones have been identified, i.e., auxins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, jasmonic acid, strigolactones, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid. RRoooottss aarree aann iimmppoorrttaanntt uunnddeerrggrroouunndd ppaarrtt ooff vvaassccuullaarr ppllaannttss wwiitthh ttwwoo mmaaiinn ffuunnccttiioonnss——fifixxiinngg ppllaannttss iinn aa ssooiill aanndd aabbssoorrppttiioonn ooff wwaatteerr aanndd nnuuttrriieennttss. HHoowweevveerr,, ootthheerr ppllaanntt hhoorrmmoonneess aanndd tthheeiirr iinntteerraaccttiioonnss ppllaayy aann iimmppoorrttaanntt rroollee iinn ddiivveerrssee ggrroowwtthh pprroocceesssseess iinn rroooottss. BRs at low concentrations (10–100 nM) inhibited expression of ethylene response factors (ERFs), whereas high concentrations (≥500 nM) enhanced ERF expression, consistent with the observed changes in ethylene levels after treatment with BRs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)/qPCR analysis confirmed direct interaction of ACSs (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthases, crucial enzymes in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway) by BES1 or BZR1 (brassinosteroid-regulated transcription factors). Further experiments with various mutants suggested that cytokinin signaling works downstream to BRs and antagonizes the Glc induced root directional response via ethylene-mediated machinery [9]
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