Cross-Cultural Validation and Reliability Testing of the Malaysian Version of Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS-My) Among the General Public in Malaysia.

Objectives: The Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS) is a validated assessment tool to measure dementia knowledge. However, the factor structure of the DKAS has yet to be validated in Singapore. This study aims to investigate the DKAS factor structure amongst a sample of informal dementia caregivers in Singapore, as well as their sociodemographic correlates.Methods: A total of 282 participants were evaluated on their knowledge of dementia by an interviewer administering the DKAS. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of factor models proposed by previous study yielded poor fit for our sample. Thus, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted. Multiple linear regression was then performed to examine the sociodemographic correlates of DKAS factors.Results: EFA revealed a 23-item 3-factor model – ‘misconceptions about dementia’ (MD), ‘caregiving considerations towards dementia’ (CD) and ‘dementia symptoms’ (DS). Being a male caregiver and having lower educational levels were associated with poorer scores on MD and CD.Conclusion: A 3-factor model of the DKAS was found to be more appropriate with the sample in this study. Findings from this study suggests the need for more dementia literacy intervention for caregivers of dementia patients in Singapore, especially for male caregivers and those of lower education levels.

Professional socialization is a critical process that influences hospital nurses' professional identity, competence, and ethical standards, ultimately impacting the quality of patient care. This study aimed to translate the Professional Socialization Scale (PSS) for Hospital Nurses into Persian and evaluate its psychometric properties among Iranian nurses. A cross-sectional methodological study was conducted in two phases: translation and psychometric evaluation. A stratified sample of 511 nurses from both public and private hospitals in Kermanshah City, Iran, participated in the study. The scale was translated into Persian using the Douglas and Craig model, and its content and face validity were assessed. Construct validity was evaluated through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The internal consistency of the scale was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients, while test-retest reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The PSS scale maintained the meaning of the original English version and was clear and understandable for hospital nurses. In qualitative face validity, one item changed slightly and all items were retained in the quantitative face validity assessment. Each item's content validity ratio ranges from 0.71 to 1, the Item content validity index ranges from 0.79 to 1, while the Scale-level Content Validity Index was 0.89. The EFA and CFA confirmed a four-factor structure of the Persian version of the scale, with 21 items explaining 67.72% of the total variance. The model fit indices indicated excellent model fit. The scale demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.908, McDonald's omega = 0.904) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.908). The Persian version of the PSS for Hospital Nurses is a valid and reliable instrument. Nursing managers should facilitate the professional socialization process for nurses. This scale can be used to assess the socialization of nurses and guide their career development.

BackgroundDementia is a life-limiting condition that is increasing in global prevalence in line with population ageing. In this context, it is necessary to accurately measure dementia knowledge across a spectrum of health professional and lay populations with the aim of informing targeted educational interventions and improving literacy, care, and support.Building on prior exploratory analysis, which informed the development of the preliminarily valid and reliable version of the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS), a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed to affirm construct validity and proposed subscales to further increase the measure’s utility for academics and educators.MethodsA large, de novo sample of 3649 volunteer respondents to a dementia-related online course was recruited to evaluate the performance of the DKAS and its proposed subscales. Respondents represented diverse cohorts, including health professionals, students, and members of the general public. Analyses included CFA (using structural equation modelling), measures of internal consistency (α), and non-parametric tests of subscale correlation (Spearman Correlation) and score differences between cohorts (Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance).ResultsFindings of the CFA supported a 25-item, four-factor model for the DKAS with two items removed due to poor performance and one item moved between factors. The resultant model exhibited good reliability (α = .85; ωh = .87; overall scale), with acceptable subscale internal consistency (α ≥ .65; subscales). Subscales showed acceptable correlation without any indication of redundancy. Finally, total and DKAS subscale scores showed good discrimination between cohorts of respondents who would be anticipated to hold different levels of knowledge on the basis of education or experience related to dementia.ConclusionThe DKAS has been confirmed as a reliable and valid measure of dementia knowledge for diverse populations that is capable of elucidating knowledge characteristics across four coherent domains: 1) Causes and Characteristics, 2) Communication and Behaviour, 3) Care Considerations, and 4) Risks and Health Promotion. Importantly, the four confirmed subscales clearly distinguish between groups who might be expected to hold differing levels of knowledge about dementia, allowing for a fine-grained level of detail to be established when evaluating baseline understanding or knowledge change associated with educational intervention.

Background:Assessing dementia knowledge is critical for developing and improving effective interventions. There are many different tools to assess dementia knowledge, but only one has been validated in German so far.Objective:To validate two tools for assessing dementia knowledge – the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS-D) and the Knowledge in Dementia Scale (KIDE-D) for the German general population – and compare their psychometric properties with the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool 2 (DKAT2-D).Methods:A convenience sample of 272 participants completed online surveys. Analyses included internal consistency, structural validity, construct validity through the known-groups method, retest-reliability with a subgroup of n = 88, and floor and ceiling effects. This study used the STROBE checklist.Results:Internal consistency was acceptable for DKAT2-D (α= 0.780), very good for DKAS-D (α= 0.873), and poor for KIDE-D (α= 0.506). Construct validity was confirmed for all questionnaires. Retest-reliability was good for DKAT2-D (0.886; 0.825–0.926) and KIDE-D (0.813; 0.714–0.878), while it was great for DKAS-D (0.928; 0.891–0.953). Trends toward ceiling effects were observed for DKAT2-D and KIDE-D but not for DKAS-D. The principal component analysis did not reveal a coherent structure for DKAT2-D or KIDE-D, while the confirmatory factor analysis proposed the removal of 5 items for DKAS-D, resulting in the shortened DKAS20-D, which had nearly identical properties.Conclusion:Both DKAS-D and its shortened version, DKAS20-D, are reliable instruments for evaluating programs intended for the general population, as they were found to be convincing in all aspects.

To translate 25-item Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale into Chinese and evaluate its psychometric properties amongst Chinese healthcare providers. The prevalence of dementia is increasing in China, but development of relevant training for healthcare providers is still in its infancy stage. A comprehensive, valid and reliable Chinese knowledge-of-dementia measure is needed to identify training needs and evaluate the effect of educational interventions. A cross-sectional survey. The Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale was translated into Chinese following the modified Brislin's translation model. Content and face validity were established by an expert panel in dementia care and healthcare providers. A convenience sample of 290 healthcare providers in care homes and hospitals was recruited. Construct validity was evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity and known groups' comparisons method. Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency reliability and 2-week test-retest reliability. This study used the STROBE checklist for reporting. The content validity index was 0.98. The confirmatory factor analysis model revealed that the four-factor model was partly supported in the present study. The moderate correlation between Chinese version of Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale and Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale indicated acceptable concurrent validity. The mean score of the scale and subscale scores showed significant differences between health professionals and care assistants, except for the subscale of "Care Considerations." The reliability was demonstrated with Cronbach's alpha of .77 and intra-class correlation coefficients of each subscale between .74 and .92 among 56 respondents. The Chinese version of Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale demonstrated acceptable concurrent validity but marginal factorial validity and satisfactory reliability amongst Chinese healthcare providers. Therefore, applying the four-factor structure of Chinese version scale should be considered. Chinese version of Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale can be used to understand the training needs of healthcare providers in dementia.

BackgroundThe Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS) is a reliable and valid measurement of dementia knowledge for diverse allied health professionals but its traditional Chinese version has not been formally validated yet. The purpose of this study was to translate the DKAS from English to traditional Chinese and evaluate its psychometric properties among home care workers in Taiwan.MethodsThe DKAS scale was translated into traditional Chinese through a forward translation and back translation process following the cross-cultural translation guideline. A total of 285 home care workers in eastern Taiwan were recruited using convenience sample. A total of 252 participants completed the questionnaires, giving a response rate of 88.4%. We tested the construct validity by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and evaluated the reliability by internal consistency.ResultsThe results of the CFA supported the 25-item, four-factor model for the DKAS-TC. The DKAS-TC achieved a good overall Cronbach’s alpha of .93 and McDonald’s omega of 0.94 with acceptable subscales McDonald’s omega ranged from .77 to .82.ConclusionsThe DKAS-TC has adequate construct validity and reliability and can serve as an assessment tool to evaluate the knowledge level of home care workers in a dementia training program in Taiwan. The dementia knowledge level among home care workers in Taiwan was inadequate. There is a need for developing suitable dementia care training tailored to their learning needs and educational levels, and to improve their quality of care for those with dementia.

Background:Measuring dementia knowledge can be a valuable tool for assessing the effectiveness of dementia awareness activities, identifying the potential benefits of dementia training programs, and breaking down common myths and stereotypes about dementia.Objective:To compare the psychometric properties of three widely used dementia knowledge tools, the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool 2 (DKAT2-G), the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS-G), and the Knowledge in Dementia Scale (KIDE-G) in the Greek adult population.Methods:A convenience sample of 252 participants from the general population completed the survey online. Statistical analyses included Cronbach’s internal reliability, retest reliability, factor analysis, concurrent and construct validity, and floor and ceiling effects.Results:The DKAS-G had the most appropriate reliability levels (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.845; retest reliability = 0.921), whereas the DKAT2-G had satisfactory indexes (Cronbach’s α= 0.760; retest reliability = 0.630). The KIDE-G showed unsatisfactory reliability (Cronbach’s α= 0.419; retest reliability = 0.619). Construct validity was confirmed for all questionnaires, showing that all of them detected participants with pre-existing knowledge of dementia. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a four-factor model for the DKAS-G and proposed the removal of 5 items. Floor and ceiling effects were found for the DKAT2-G and the KIDE-G, mainly among those who had previously participated in dementia training.Conclusions:The DKAS-G was found to have the highest levels of reliability and validity. The results prove that the DKAS-G meets the requirements for measuring dementia knowledge and evaluating dementia training programs in health professionals, caregivers, and the general population.

Objective To translate and adapt the dementia knowledge assessment scale (DKAS) into Sinhala version and to evaluate its psychometric properties among nursing students. Methods A cross-sectional validation study was conducted in two phases: (i) translation and adaptation and (ii) evaluating psychometric properties (N = 394 nursing students). Results The DKAS was adapted to the Sinhala (Si-DKAS) version, and the content validity index (CVI = 0.9) was satisfactory. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) resulted in an 18-item Si-DKAS with a four-factor model: “care considerations,” “causes and characteristics of dementia,” “health promotion,” and “misconceptions about dementia.” The model fit indices were suboptimal (comparative fix index [CFI] = 0.809 and Turker–Lewis index [TLI] = 0.773), and some indices were acceptable (standardized root-mean-squared residual [SRMR] = 0.040 and root-mean-squared error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.053). Internal consistency (0.7) and test–retest correlation (0.9) were acceptable. Discriminant validity was confirmed by knowledge score differences based on academic years. Conclusions This is a valid and reliable tool for assessing knowledge of dementia among Sinhala-speaking nursing students.

Objective: This study was carried out to determine whether the Turkish version of the Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Men (SSS-M), a modified version of the Women Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSS-W) developed by Meston and his friends is a valid and reliable tool or not. Material and Methods: This is a methodological study and was conducted between March and July 2021. After the language translation and content validity studies of the 30-item of which Likert-type scale and five sub-dimensions a preliminary application was carried out on a group of 30 people. Data were obtained from 193 male individuals on an online platform after ethical approval. Whereas for the scope\content validity of the scale Content Validity was used, to test for validity Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed. To verify its dependableness, the Cronbach Alpha score and item-total correlation score were tested. The time invariance of the scale was evaluated with a test-retest. Results: The scale and content validity was reviewed by eight experts. The construct validity of the scale was performed by using confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. Confirmatory factor loads were determined between .55 and .87, and exploratory factor loads were determined between 0.34 and .83. The correlation coefficient between the score of each item and the scale score was determined as r=.35-.80 (p<.001). The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency and reliability coefficients were found as .95 in the total of the scale and were found as.82-.95 in its sub-dimensions. No significant difference was found in the test-retest reliability analysis (p>.05). Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was determined that the Turkish version of the five-dimension "Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Men (SSS-M)" is a valid and reliable four-dimensional instrument and can be used in research and clinic. Keywords: sexual satisfaction, men, reability, validity

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale to determine the competence levels of parents of gifted children. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling with a total of 487 parents of gifted children voluntarily participating. The 'Parental Competence Scale of Parents with Gifted Children,' consisting of 24 items, was developed. The scale's validity was assessed through face, content, and construct validity, while its reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, item discrimination analysis, and test-retest methodology. Face and content validity were established through expert opinion and a pilot study, while construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Data from 250 randomly selected participants (236 mothers and 14 fathers) were subjected to EFA, while data from the remaining 237 participants (208 mothers and 29 fathers) were subjected to CFA. Following the EFA, several items were removed, and CFA was conducted. Fit indices were as follows: RMSEA = .007, GFI = .090, and CFI = .092. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was .942. The results demonstrated that the Parental Competence Scale for Parents with Gifted Children, comprising 24 items and four factors, is a valid and reliable instrument.

BackgroundThis study aimed to translate into the Irrational Food Belief Scale proposed by Osberg into the Persian language and determine the psychometric properties of in Iranian culture.MethodsOsberg’s 57-item scale was translated into Persian by using the forward-backward method. The scale’s validity was examined using face validity, content validity, and construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis). Its reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s Omega coefficient. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis was performed by SPSS 28 (500 subjects) and also by AMOS 26 (500 subjects). The participants completed the demographic questionnaire and the Irrational Food Belief Scale (IFBS) over the Internet.ResultsAfter translation into Persian, the validity of the scale was determined by impact score, quantitative and qualitative face validity (modification of 10 items) and qualitative content validity (modification of 8 items), and quantitative content validity (CVR, CVI and Kappa coefficient), which were greater than 0.46, 0.86, and 0.85, respectively. In exploratory factor analysis, 30 items were removed and the remaining 27 items were loaded on five factors, including behavioral and psychological aspects, nutritional attitudes, healthy eating, controlled eating, and diet, which described 30.95% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 5-factor model was the best fitting model to explain the data.ConclusionConsidering the need for a tool about in irrational food beliefs, this tool was unable to explain all these dimensions well. It is recommended to create a new questionnaire for the Iranian culture.

Testing the sensitivity of two dementia knowledge instruments in dementia workforce education

BackgroundThe 25-item Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS2) is a widely used tool for measuring knowledge of dementia. To increase the applicability of the Chinese-language version of the tool (DKAS-TC) for the general public, this study aimed to develop a shortened version using the item response theory (IRT) approach.MethodsA total of 401 participants voluntarily completed a Chinese-language version of the DKAS2 questionnaire (DKAS-TC) at the start of dementia awareness training courses in 2020 and 2021. The four Rasch family models were used to analyze the dimensionality of the shortened scale (the DKAS-s) and to confirm its accuracy in measuring dementia knowledge.ResultsThe results justified supported the use of a dichotomous response scale for responding to the DKAS-s and demonstrated good fit of the data to a Rasch model with the four dimensions of “Causes and Characteristics”, “Communication and Engagement”, “Care Needs”, and “Risks and Health Promotion”. Moreover, we shortened the DKAS-TC by selecting items that had both above-average discriminative ability and above-average information. The DKAS-s retained 64.13% of the information contained in the DKAS-TC, resulting in a 16-item scale which retained four items in each of the original four dimensions. The DKAS-s also correlated highly (≥0.95) with the DKAS-TC and exhibited a sizeable range of difficulty of dementia knowledge.ConclusionsThe DKAS-s is expected to be more efficient in field settings while retaining an acceptable level of psychometric properties when used as a survey instrument to measure the general public’s knowledge of dementia.

BackgroundResearch on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias is increasingly focused on prevention and identification of risk factors. In order to effectively disseminate knowledge about dementia risk, there is need to understand gaps in dementia knowledge (Carpenter et al., 2011, Cations et al., 2018). For example, education level, among other factors, may be associated with reduced knowledge about AD, which could impact engagement in early prevention strategies (Ayalon & Arean, 2004). We explored dementia knowledge and demographic variables in a community‐based registry sample to inform approaches to psychoeducation and intervention.MethodWe administered surveys via REDCap to participants enrolled in an online registry. Surveys included measures of dementia knowledge (subset of 13 questions from the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS)), personality (Ten‐Item Personality Inventory), and demographic variables. Response rate was 42%. Participants were 292 clinically normal adults (mean age=67.4 (range: 50‐87); 65% women; 98% non‐Hispanic or Latino; 94% Caucasian; 81% with a bachelor’s degree or higher).ResultMost participants (77%) reported knowing “some” to “a good amount” about dementia, learned primarily via family/friends (27%), doctors (21%), and the internet (22%). Mean dementia knowledge on the DKAS was 14.4 (range=1‐26, out of 26 possible points). Dementia knowledge was weakly associated with age (r=‐.12, p=.045), with younger individuals showing higher knowledge. Controlling for age, self‐reported dementia knowledge correlated with objective dementia knowledge on the DKAS (r=.46, p<.01). Also controlling for age, dementia knowledge was higher among individuals with more education (F(1, 287)=8.6, p=.004) and among women (F(1, 285)=5.9, p=.016). Dementia knowledge was not associated with aspects of personality (ps>.08).ConclusionDementia knowledge was higher among younger individuals, as well as those with more education and among women, but did not relate to personality. Self‐reported dementia knowledge correlated with objective dementia knowledge, suggesting that participants accurately judged their own knowledge. Future work should examine these questions within a more diverse registry sample. Findings underscore the value of registries to examine dementia knowledge and inform dissemination and intervention strategies. By increasing psychoeducation about dementia among adults with lower baseline knowledge, we may facilitate early engagement in preventative strategies to reduce dementia risk.

Turkish adaptation of the pregnancy-related anxiety questionnaire-revised 2: Validity and reliability study in multiparous and primiparous pregnancy