Cross-cultural branding strategies in Dubais economic free zones: a mixed-methods study

The scientific and technological innovation ability of the economic free trade zone is crucial to the depth and breadth of its economic development. There are too many subjective factors in the evaluation of the scientific and technological innovation ability of traditional economic free trade zones. In order to objectively evaluate the scientific and technological innovation ability of the free trade zone, this paper uses the random forest weighting method and the weighted linear combination to construct the evaluation index system, designs the evaluation model of the scientific and technological innovation ability of the free trade zone, and makes a specific analysis and evaluation based on the operation data of the economic and technological innovation ability of China’s four key free trade zones in 2020. The results show that the scientific and technological innovation ability of Guangdong economic free trade zone is the strongest, followed by Guangdong economic and trade zone, Shanghai economic and trade zone, Zhejiang economic and trade zone, and Tianjin economic and trade zone; Guangdong free trade zone has strong scientific and technological innovation ability. Compared with other free trade zones, Guangdong’s main advantages lie in the integration and aggregation ability of the industrial chain, strong policy support, and talent attraction. The scientific and technological innovation ability forms a virtuous circle. The analysis of the model example shows that the introduction of the random forest weighting method into the scientific and technological evaluation of the free trade zone can more objectively compare and analyze the scientific and technological innovation ability of the free trade zone, which is of great significance to help the free trade zone find out the problems and shortcomings in the scientific and technological innovation ability and improve the level of scientific and technological innovation.

A Multi Facility Economic Zone (MFEZ) can be described as a Special Economic Zone which can be utilized for export and domestic production purposes by industries operating in the designated economic zone. The MFEZ is characterized by a mixture of several enticing attributes ranging from facilities such as export processing zones, Industrial parks, free trade zones and free ports, among others. Ideally, it is hoped that an MFEZ will kindle economic development in the selected location and consequently contribute to that country’s gross domestic product. It is not uncommon to set up an independent firm to oversee and run the entire administrative affairs of the economic zone on behalf of the owners of the facility. This article is based on a study that was undertaken to assess the performance of the Lusaka South Multi Facility Economic Zone (LS-MFEZ) in Zambia from the time it was established. The research was conducted over a period of eighteen months. This article focuses on two of the objectives of the study that assesses, the effectiveness of the economic zone management firm in stimulating investment in the zone, and the suitability of the economic zone infrastructure as a vehicle for attracting investment in the zone. The research adopted a mixed methods approach using a questionnaire, interviews, and focus group discussions. Interview respondents were selected using snowball sampling. Since the study adopted a mixed research approach with a concurrent triangulation design, data were analysed through a thematic approach for the qualitative component and using descriptive statistics from the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for the quantitative part. The findings show that the zone management firm appears to grapple with some key administrative issues of managing the zone, in addition to inadequate zone infrastructure.

Subject. The article focuses on the value added tax in case of exports from the special economic zone in the Kaliningrad Oblast. Objectives. We study methodological aspects of VAT in case of exports from the special economic zone in the Kaliningrad Oblast. Methods. We conducted the content analysis of available sources. The comparative analysis helped confirm the reasonableness, reliability and the relevance of methodological guidelines for determining economically adequate tax implications in terms of VAT in case of exports from the special economic zone in the Kaliningrad Oblast. Results. Importing foreign goods into the special economic zone of the Kaliningrad region and letting them pass the customs procedure of free economic zones, a Kaliningrad-registered legal entity was found to exempt from customs payments, including VAT as part of customs payments under the above procedure. Being transported to elsewhere in the EAEU, any goods in the free economic zone should be treated as foreign goods, unless their status as the EAEU goods is corroborated with documents. The effective tax and customs regulations provide for VAT to be paid on imports into the Russian Federation, including as part of customs payments, and subsequently VAT on the sale of goods in the Russian Federation. VAT on imports, inter alia, as part of customs payments is subject to tax deductions as per Articles 171, 172 of the Russian Tax Code. Conclusions and Relevance. The taxation mechanism herein is identical to that applying to exports from the free economic zone to elsewhere in the customs area of the EAEU if there were not tax clauses envisaged in Federal Law № 72-ФЗ. Hence, the above clauses seem reasonable to be excluded.

The role and the positive effects that economic zones create in the contemporary world are great. That their establishment and their activities have proven to be a success story is not a matter of dispute. Countries in transition find themselves before serious challenges in order to find ways for economic development, promoting employment, issuing legislation and adapting such legislation to the criteria of EU Acquis Communautaire, which must guarantee above all the application of political visions, without undermining competition. What the state institutions have not made clear enough is the form and content of these economic zones. In fact the general public perception is that through such free economic zones the country's economy will be liberalized and favorable conditions for integration will be created, which is not entirely realistic. The creation of such free economic zones initially enables the establishment of certain economic activities within a location of the country. Kosovo has managed to establish a relatively adequate legal framework for free economic zones, where some such zones have already been created, however it is still far from the modern concept of their establishment and function. In our opinion the creation of free economic zones in Kosovo, which as a country faces an extremely weak economy in all of its segments, is not considered a wise and a proper government decision. Nevertheless, if the policy makers deem this to be realistic, then the situation should be regulated by amending a series of primary legal acts that specify the potential incentive measures in relation to tax and customs regime, including customs duties, taxes of all kinds, and excise duties. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n2s1p14

This chapter discusses the possibilities of economic development that may lead to the elimination of poverty in an inland area. The development of this area's infrastructure has recently rapidly increased, and the liberalization of trade with other countries is expanding. In this section, people discusses some basic information relating to the Golden Quadrangle (GQ). The most important characteristic of the GQ area is that the four countries all share borders with two of the other countries. Therefore, small-scale cities in each country should strengthen their economic relationships and form a new economic zone in the GQ area. In the new economic zone, the movement of people, goods, and money is liberalized like in the European Union (EU). The geographic advantage of the GQ is the close proximity of four countries in a small area with different income levels. In such a location, if an advanced free economic zone could be realized, a global supply chain could be formed in this area.

Today, Free Economic Zones (FEZ) are actively used in the World as an instrument of regional policy. The experience creating FEZ in Russia in the 1990s cannot be called successful. Since 2005 this instrument has been actively used and the SEZ of industrial and production, technological and innovation, tourist-recreational and port types have been created in Russia. However, the effectiveness of the SEZ causes doubts nowadays, therefore a rethinking of the theoretical developments is required, as well as the foreign experience in the area specified. This article analyses the world practice of functioning of FEZ, their transformation into SEZ in Russia; it also evaluates the effectiveness of the functioning of special economic zones, identifies the problems of their development, and the directions for their solutions. The main goal of the article is to determine the most important directions for the creation and development of special economic zones in Russia in modern economic conditions. This is important because in the world free economic zones are a factor in accelerating economic growth. Since the entry into force of the Law on Free Economic Zones in Russia, the pace of investment has intensified, employment has increased, and exports have increased, which has positively affected the development of some regions. There is no doubt that special economic zones will continue to play an irreplaceable role in economic development.

For decades, the notion of ‘Free Zones’ has remained complex and ambiguous. Despite considerable efforts in this regard, the concept of ‘Free Zones’ and its components have not been sufficiently explored. To further consolidate the related literature, this study conducted a literature review on the terminology of the Free Zone and its components using a systematic review method based on literature and international organizations such as the UNCTAD. This study provides needed general knowledge about the nature of Free Zones. It also presents the classifications and types of economic zones, and provides insight into what distinguishes Free Zones and economic zones from one another. Furthermore, it aggregates the Free Zone into its constituting components, concluding with insight into future research by identifying relevant challenges and gaps.

This article examines the available approaches towards tax incentivization of the activity of subjects in the industrial and innovative clusters. Analysis is conducted on the tax benefits that could be received by the residents of preferential regimes, such as special economic zones, free economic zones, territories of advanced socioeconomic development within the framework of membership in the Skolkovo Innovation Center, as well as regime for the participants of innovative scientific and technological centers. The peculiarity this research is that tax incentives are examined from the perspective of their relevance on each stage of the lifecycle of an industrial product and innovation. The author's special contribution lies in the selected approach towards assessment of the effect of preferential tax regimes from the standpoint of the development of industrial and innovative clusters. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. Currently existing territorial regimes of taxation are aimed primarily at attraction of new investments to the Russian regions and include a range of tax support measures effective for the limited period on the first stage of lifecycle of the product or innovation; 2. From the perceptive of stimulation of participation in the industrial clusters, the available preferential regimes contain attractive and essential benefits for manufacturing industrial products, however, traditional regimes, such as special economic zones and territories of advanced socioeconomic development, no longer meet the needs of innovative companies. For stimulation of participation in the innovative clusters, tax regime for the Skolkovo Innovation Center currently seems most attractive. 3. Due to the fact that the existing regimes of special economic zones, free economic zones, territories of advanced socioeconomic development are aimed at the attraction of investment and focused on the first years of implementation of the project. For incentivization of the qualitative development of industrial and innovative clusters it is reasonable to assess the possibility of more even distribution of tax benefits or introduce other long-term methods of support.

The purpose of this study is to study the analysis of the effectiveness of the functioning of free economic zones in Russia and in foreign countries on the example of Poland. As a result of the study; the main tasks were identified. On the basis of the conducted analysis; the main directions of the development of special economic zones were identified; the advantages of their formation were determined; and the main conclusions aimed at optimizing the policy of Russia in relation to the development of free economic zones were formulated.

Special economic zone – the tool of regional policy of the state used in regions where increase of an economic and social level of development is required, and questions of application of tax benefits and preferences in the territory of a special economic zone acquire special relevance. The purpose of this article is research of the questions concerning the mode of the taxation of special economic zones. In Russia still there is no consensus about the sizes and the special economic zone types, the mechanism of their activity and approach to management. Development of uniform methodology is necessary for the Russian legislation for effective creation of activity of special economic zones taking into account features of a territorial arrangement. This methodology can be developed on the basis of positive experience of functioning of free economic zones of the different countries of the world. In the real work with the help of economic and statistical methods data on development and results of activity of a special economic zone in the territory of the Russian Federation and the China are collected and considered. As an example of successful functioning of the Russian special economic zone the special economic zone Alabuga is considered, as an example of functioning in the territory of the China special economic zone Shenzhen and joint industrial park of China and Singapore in the city of Suzhou are considered. The analysis of experience of the China has allowed to draw conclusions on efficiency of development of certain territories of the China through introduction of special economic zones. This fact substantially depends on efficiency of mechanisms of creation and development of economic educations, a possibility of self-government and financial independence in these territories, attraction of the foreign investment capital. There aren't enough these mechanisms in functioning of the Russian special economic zones where concept special economic zone still remains new and disputable. Use of experience of the China in management and creation of activity of special economic zone will help to reach more effective indicators of activity of the Russian special economic zone, to enter the world market with more competitive goods and, as a result, to strengthen national economy.

Post-graduate student of the Department of Legal Support of Public Finance at the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. The main results of this study are the analysis of the regulatory framework for the formation and functioning of free (special) economic zones in the Russian Federation at certain stages of their development, which allowed the author to identify 3 stages of development of the SEZ of the Russian Federation and identify their general principles of functioning, which are provided for in the legislative documents, which were reflected in the reviewed legislative documents. Based on the clarification of the concepts of «free economic zones», «special economic zones», the author proposed to identify both definitions of concepts as a single concept, due to the fact that their essence is based on the same phenomenon, the provision of tax and customs benefits. Based on the analysis of legislative acts of the Russian Federation, it was possible to identify shortcomings and problems in the adopted legislative documents at the early stages of the development of SEZs and SEZs in Russia. To identify the prospects for the development of the regulatory framework of the SEZ, an assessment was made of the attractiveness and efficiency of using the mechanism of special economic zones in the RF.

Subject. This article discusses the problems of development of innovative projects as a complex system, which includes various structural elements, namely from administrative to the fiscal ones. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the opportunities to create special economic zones in the Russian Federation. Methods. For the study, we used a statistical analysis. Results. The article finds that creating free economic zones contributes to the development of the Russian economy, still at the same time, the State accepts certain risks as a participant in the national project to create free economic zones. Conclusions. The international sanctions effect is the main negative factor that bars unique products within special economic zones.

Ask three people to describe a special economic zone (SEZ) and three very different images may emerge. The first person may describe a fenced-in industrial estate in a developing country, populated by footloose multinational corporations (MNCs) enjoying tax breaks, with laborers in garment factories working in substandard conditions. In contrast, the second person may recount the 'miracle of Shenzhen,' a fishing village transformed into a cosmopolitan city of 14 million, with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growing 100-fold, in the 30 years since it was designated as an SEZ. A third person may think about places like Dubai or Singapore, whose ports serve as the basis for wide range of trade- and logistics-oriented activities. In this book, the author use SEZ as a generic expression to describe the broad range of modern economic zones discussed in this book. But we are most concerned with two specific forms of those zones: (1) the export processing zones (EPZs) or free zones, which focus on manufacturing for export; and (2) the large-scale SEZs, which usually combine residential and multiuse commercial and industrial activity. The former represents a traditional model used widely throughout the developing world for almost four decades. The latter represents a more recent form of economic zone, originating in the 1980s in China and gaining in popularity in recent years. Although these models need not be mutually exclusive (many SEZs include EPZ industrial parks within them), they are sufficiently different in their objectives, investment requirements, and approach to require a distinction in this book.

As for Mongolia, which is a landlocked and has vast land, establishment of free-trade and economic zone by extending border points with neighboring countries can be a main solution to keep border security, to promote regional development, to develop infrastructure of transportation and to expand trades. Recently, special focus on establishing cross-border free zone between Mongolia and China has been made and several negotiations in this field have been held by 2 countries’ governments. Therefore, the paper work aims to study pre-conditions and possibilities for establishing cross-border free zone between Mongolia and China. This thesis consists of following main 4 parts: 1) negotiations for cross-border free zone between Mongolia and China, 2) Cross-border free zone and Mongolian current situation, 3) Mongolia-China bilateral trade, 4) The possibility of establishing a cross-border free trade zone with China.

As a result of the new economic policy, fourteen Economic and Technological Development Zones (ETDZs) were established in twelve coastal cities between 1984 and 1988. The first ETDZs were Dalian, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Minhang (Shanghai), Hongqiao (Shanghai), Caohejing (Shanghai), Ningbo, Fuzhou, Guangzhou and Zhanjiang. Unlike Special Economic Zone (SEZ), an ETDZ is located in the suburban area of a major city. Special policies are adopted within the ETDZ. An administrative committee, normally selected by the local government, oversees economic and social management in the zones on behalf of the local government. The category ‘SEZ’ covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and others. The second wave of expansion of ETDZs was led by the establishment of Pudong New District in Shanghai in 1990. This decision was aimed at elevating the status of Shanghai, making it the “Dragon Head” of the Yangtze River Delta Region, which comprises of Shanghai and parts of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Prior to the establishment of this new district, the Pearl River Delta Region – comprising nine cities in Guangdong – was the forerunner of China’s open door policy. However, unlike Guangdong, which lies at the south-eastern coast of China, Shanghai’s economic development will have more impact on China’s vast hinterland. Between 1992 and 1993, a total of eighteen state-level ETDZs were established – Yingkou, Changchun, Shenyang, Harbin, Weihai, Kunshan, Hangzhou, Xiaoshan, Wenzhou, Rongqiao, Dongshan, Guangzhou Nansha, Huizhou Daya Bay, Wuhu, Wuhan, Chongqing, Beijing and Urumchi. Two special projects were added later. Founded in 1993, the Ningbo Daxie Development Zone is an investment by China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC), and comes under its management. The other special project is the Suzhou Industrial Park, which was founded in 1994, and is a joint cooperation between the governments of China and Singapore. After 2000, in an effort to fuel the development of the Central and Western regions, the central government also endorsed the establishment of a further eleven national ETDZs in inland regions. Up till now, China has a total of fifty-four state-level ETDZs – thirty-two in coastal regions, and twenty-two in the hinterland. The region of Hong Kong has a role and status of innovation. The planners in this unique part of East Asia expect that some new concepts can help the former British colony to embrace a new economic model: a model in which design, marketing and branding play the crucial role in economy.