Cross-border effects of conflict on human development: evidence from the Arab region using a difference-in-differences approach

Helminth elimination in the pursuit of sustainable development goals: a "worm index" for human development.

Purpose– Past research has identified a negative association between national income and female entrepreneurship rates. Data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2012 are analyzed to determine whether the Human Development Index (HDI) predicts female entrepreneurship rates. The purpose of this paper is to indicate how other socioeconomic variables that measure human development interact with national income to predict female entrepreneurship rates.Design/methodology/approach– Data were drawn from the 2012 GEM data set, which provides information on female entrepreneurship rates in 61 countries. To test relevant hypotheses, dependent and socio-demographic variables were sourced from international databases to perform quantitative cross-country regression analyses.Findings– National income significantly predicted female entrepreneurship rates in the univariate analysis. However, this relationship became non-significant when development indices were added to the model. In contrast, the HDI, the Gender Inequality Index, and national religious composition were robust, significant predictors.Practical implications– This study presents evidence that human and gender development indices, and national religious composition, are better predictors of female entrepreneurship rates than national income. Thus, studies on female entrepreneurship rates should account and adjust for human development and gender equality indices. As religiosity continues to be pervasive within multiple nations, policymakers should consider this when developing interventions geared toward promoting female entrepreneurship.Originality/value– This paper identifies factors other than economic determinism to explain variance in female entrepreneurship rates and demonstrates that human development and gender inequality indices are better predictors of female entrepreneurship rates.

The Human Development Index is a composite index to measure the development of human resources in each country and four indicators of life expectancy; income per capita, the average number of years studying and hope to the number of years of education will be formed. Countries, according to the Department of Human Development Index, with high human development, countries with high human development, and human development countries with medium and low human development are divided. The development goal is to create conditions where people can live a long and healthy life and benefit in knowledge. The Human Resource Development Index is one of the important indicators of economic development for each country and is considered to have an effective role in economic development. The importance of the Human Development Index is put to review on the Indian economy. Trends change each of the three human resource development indexes during the 30-year period from 1980 to 2010. In this article, we will consider the relationship between GDP and three indicators of human resources in India. In addition, we will evaluate the relationship and mutual effects of each of the three indicators of human resource development in the Indian economy using the latest (2010) formula provided by the United Nations. In this study, GDP or income act as the dependent variables and the three indicators of long life, health and education act as independent variables.

Human Development Index is a composite index to measure the development of human resources in each country and four indicators of life expectancy, income per capita, the average number of years studying and hope to the number of years of education will be formed. Countries, according to the Department of Human Development Index rates countries with high human development, countries with high human development, and human development countries with medium and low human development countries are divided. Development Goal is creating conditions where people can live long and healthy life and knowledge benefit. Human Resource Development Index as one of the important indicators of economic development for each country and is considered an effective role in economic development. Importance of human development index led put review Indian economy. Trend changes every three human resource development index during the 30-year period from 1980 to 2010 of the goals of this research. In this article we will consider relationship between GDP and three indicators of human resources in India. In addition, we will evaluate relationship and mutual effects of each of the three indicators of human resource development in the Indian economy using the latest (2010) formula provided by the United Nations. GDP or income as the dependent variable and three indicators long life, health and education as independent variables in the research model have been told.

PurposeThe majority of MENA countries suffer low levels of human development, coupled with scarcity of funding resources, low level of governance, and poor institutional environment. Consequently, this research aims at detecting the impact of development finance resources and institutional quality on the human development in the MENA region, in order to examine if/why the MENA countries fail to efficiently exploit all the available financial inflows to promote human development and boost living standards.Design/methodology/approachThis study tests the short- and long-run impact of six financing resources representing injections in the economy and four institutional quality variables on the human development index in the MENA region. It adopts co-integration analysis, vector error correction model, and Granger causality test on a sample of 13 MENA countries over the period 1996–2019.FindingsThis research finds that domestic credit to private sector and exports of goods and services do not have any significant added value for human development in the MENA region. In contrast, government expenditures and migrant remittances are found to be crucial in promoting human development in both the short- and long-run. FDI and ODA do enhance human development, but only in the short-run. In parallel, control of corruption, government effectiveness and regulation quality are essential boosters of human development in the MENA region, but with different importance, while political stability was found to be irrelevant.Originality/valueTo the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first study that examines the impact of financial inflows and institutional quality on the overall human development index in the MENA region. The contribution of this paper lies in unlocking for policymakers the potential impactful financing resources to serve national developmental plans, in an endeavour to catch up to the SDGs amid the additional challenges imposed by governance and institutional environment.

This study aims to determine the effect of economic freedom and national income per capita of the human development index. Countries will be classified into 4 groups according to the classification in the HDI are very high human development (with an HDI of 0788 or above), high human development (with an HDI of 0677 to 0.784), medium human development (HDI of 0488-0669), and low human development (HDI of less than 0488). The analysis method used in this study is a model of data panel to investigate the influence of Economic Freedom and Income per capita of the HDI. The results showed that for the group of countries very high human local development per capita income is only significant effect on the HDI, for the group of countries High human development and medium human development only economic freedom that affects the HDI, while the low human development group showed that income per capita and Economic Freedom does not affect the HDI.

This study focusses on three aspects of the association between human development and economic growth in India: (i) the pattern of the relationship between economic growth and human development in India at the national and state levels; (ii) whether economic growth was converging at the state level; and (iii) whether human development was converging at the state level. In the last two decades, India outperformed advanced and developing economies in per capita income growth and health and education indicators, propelling itself into the virtuous category (high-EG, high-HD). By employing data for 26 states and union territories (UTs) for three decades (1990–2019), a diverse pattern was observed in the relationship between economic growth and human development, with most of the states (16) in the virtuous category, and the others in three different categories. However, no clear pattern emerged from the dynamic movements in the last three decades, as there were cases of states moving from one category in one decade to another category in different decade. There was no evidence of economically weaker and low HD states catching up with economically well-off and high HD states, respectively. However, club convergence was occurring, i.e., economically weaker states were catching up with economically well-off states in the low-income, high-HD club. Economically weaker and low HD states can catch up with economically well-off and high HD states only if similar conditions are created.

Neoclassical economics has traditionally posited that the process of development entails changes in incomes over time. Larger income levels achieved via positive economic growth, appropriately discounted for population growth, would constitute higher levels of development. As many have noted, however, the income measure fails to adequately reflect development in that per-capita income, in terms of its levels or changes to it, does not sufficiently correlate with measures of (human) development, such as life expectancy, child/infant mortality and literacy. The United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) human development index (HDI) constitutes an improved measure for development. HDI has been modified to be gender-sensitive with variants that reflect gender inequality. Various measures reflecting Sen’s “capability” concept, such as civil and political rights, have also been incorporated. Countries where the level of poverty is relatively large tend also to exhibit low values of human development, thus lowering the mean values of the development measures. Where inequalities of development indicators are very large, however, the average values may not sufficiently reflect the conditions of the poor, requiring the need to concentrate on poverty per se. The most recognized indicator of (income) poverty is the headcount ratio, which simply measures the proportion of the population considered to earn an income less than the standard required for basic needs (the other poverty measures are those for the depth and severity of poverty). This poverty line may vary from country to country and over time. However, to simplify comparability across countries and over time, the poverty line has been standardized as a daily income of US$ 1 at international standards. As an indicator of extreme poverty, this poverty rate is also the yardstick for Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The above measures do not necessarily reflect deprivation in human development. Thus in 1997 the UNDP introduced the human poverty index (HPI) for developing countries. This measure is intended to reflect deprivations in the three indexes of human development: long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. For more developed countries, HPI is further modified to reflect social exclusion. Despite the myriad criticisms levelled against such measures of development and poverty, these indicators provide us with reasonable pictures of how well various countries are performing beyond mere income growth. What the evidence shows is that countries that rank at the bottom of the HDI scale tend also to exhibit the largest HPI values. Hence, these measures are useful in that they at least signal specific countries that may require special attention. Both indices are needed, however, to gauge the nature of the development challenge. For example, a relatively low HDI value despite a high per-capita income suggests that growth is not being efficiently transformed into human development. Similarly, if both HDI and HPI are high, then the achievement in human development is not being sufficiently shared by those at the bottom, suggesting the need to address the human-development distribution picture. Ideally, HDI should be high and HPI low. What policies are considered pro-poor or pro-development? Employment generation is a particularly salient linchpin between economic growth on the one hand, and poverty reduction and development on the other. Policies that augment the demand for labour are therefore likely to produce desirable social-impact outcomes for developing economies.1 Thus, appropriate policies are generally those that increase employment in sectors with reasonable levels of productivity, as well as those that provide essential public goods. The nature of the sociopolitical environment is a particularly salient determinant of the effectiveness of transforming growth to development or poverty reduction. Higher levels of inequality, for instance, lower the effectiveness of growth in reducing poverty.2,3 Similarly, greater rates of political instability tend to retard the rate at which growth is transformed to human development.4 Health is critical. Impaired health exacerbates poverty and undermines development, whether directly or indirectly via lowering growth.5 Malaria, historically one of the deadliest diseases in the tropics, has been deleterious to development and has contributed considerably to poverty, especially in Africa,6 as has HIV/AIDS more recently.7 Both morbidity and mortality are important contributors to the above development and poverty woes emanating from diminished health.8 Health standards, as exemplified by Goal 6 of the MDGs for instance, are essential for attaining poverty eradication and development success. The Bulletin, in conjunction with over 230 other journals, is participating this month in a Global Theme Issue on Poverty and Human Development (see: http://councilscienceeditors.org/globalthemeissue.cfm) by publishing a number of papers on this topic. ■

<span>This study aims to determine the effect of economic freedom and national income per capita <span>of the human development index. Countries will be classified into 4 groups according to the <span>classification in the HDI are very high human development (with an HDI of 0788 or above), <span>high human development (with an HDI of 0677 to 0.784), medium human development <span>(HDI of 0488-0669), and low human development (HDI of less than 0488). The analysis <span>method used in this study is a model of data panel to investigate the influence of Economic <span>Freedom and Income per capita of the HDI. The results showed that for the group of <span>countries very high human local development per capita income is only significant effect on <span>the HDI, for the group of countries High human development and medium human <span>development only economic freedom that affects the HDI, while the low human <span>development group showed that income per capita and Economic Freedom does not affect <span>the HDI.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>

Despite efforts to improve quality human capital, Nigeria consistently scores poorly in the human development index (HDI). The significance of institutions in human development has been emphasized in recent times as countries grapple with achieving sustainable development goals. Studies show that quality institutions provide equitable and fair development opportunities and capabilities to enhance human development. This study, therefore, examined the effect of institutions—corruption, democratic accountability, and government stability on Nigeria’s human capital development index. The ARDL model is employed to analyze data from 1990 to 2022. The outcomes show that a stable political system, high levels of democratic accountability, improved per capita GDP, employment generation, and consistent government spending on essential sectors are all critical for human capital development. Conversely, high rates of poverty and corruption have negative impacts on human capital. The findings lend credence to the intuition that strong institutions have a significant impact on enhancing quality human capital through improved healthcare, education, human capabilities, poverty reduction, employment opportunities, and security. It is therefore recommended that institutional reform that guarantees human development be pursued.

El objetivo es proponer un método de evaluación del bienestar en los destinos turísticos desde la perspectiva del desarrollo humano, concretado en un Índice de Desarrollo Humano Turístico (IDHT) individual. La visión expresada en un índice de valoración de vida se considera válida y oportuna para estudiar la realidad turística. En la metodología que se aplica y propone la calidad de vida se mide mediante el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). El IDHT se construye con indicadores de ingreso por turismo, educación universal y salud de los prestadores de servicios; tres dimensiones consideradas como principales en el desarrollo humano sin las cuales otras metas de bienestar suelen ser inalcanzables. Permite medir el nivel de vida ideal y muestra los efectos de políticas económicas y sociales del turismo (Rincón y Labarca, 2013: 109, 110). Los resultados para Tapijulapa, Pueblo Mágico, revelan que el turismo genera bienestar humano con nivel medio y alto en el IDHT (0,550 y más de 0,800). Los componentes del IDHT reflejan acceso a ingresos turísticos con nivel medio y alto (0,550 y más de 0,800); la salud es valorada en el nivel alto (0,700 y más de 0,800) y la educación en nivel bajo y medio (Menos de 0,550, hasta 0,799). Indudablemente se deben llevar a cabo acciones para mejorar los índices de bienestar, con atención prioritaria a la educación de los prestadores de servicios.

The Human Sustainable Development Index: New calculations and a first critical analysis

The purpose of this study was to identify structures for the practice of physical activities (PA) in Brazilian Schools and relate them to the Human Development Index (HDI), Basic Education Development Index (IDEB) and quality indicators from the Report Card Brazil (RCB). This is a descriptive study that used secondary data from INEP-Brazil to identify and classify structures for the practice of PA in Brazilian schools based on the presence of “schoolyards”, “sports courts” and “sporting materials”, organized by elementary and high schools. Data were organized by Macroeconomic Region and related to HDI, IDEB and Report Card Brazil Quality Classification Criteria. Thus, for “Elementary School”, positive and significant relationship was observed between HDI and the presence of “schoolyards” (r=0.53; p=0.004), “sports courts” (r=0.855; p<0, 01) and “sporting materials”(r=0.764; p<0.01), while for IDEB, values followed the same logic, associated to the presence of “schoolyards” (r=0.475; p=0.01), “sports courts” (r=0.676; p<0.01) and “sporting materials” (r=0.535; p<0.01). For “High School”, relationship was observed between HDI and the presence of “sports courts” (r=0.517; p<0.01) and “sporting materials” (r=0.499; p<0.01), while for IDEB, relationship was only observed with the presence of “sporting materials” (r=0.508; p<0.01). It could be concluded that the Northern and Northeastern regions of Brazil have schools with lower presence of structure for the practice of Physical Activity and that there is positive relationship of this structure with HDI, IDEB and quality indicators of the Report Card Brazil.

United Nations' Human Development Index measures human development and has significant positive correlation with abundance in natural resource. Data Envelopment Analysis is used for composite indicators' development and overcomes weighting techniques' limitations. It has limitations in existence of missing records that Goal Programming can overcome. Accordingly, this paper introduces a new Human Development Index that improves upon the United Nations' Human Development Index by incorporating natural resource abundance and addressing missing data issues through Goal Programming. To address these issues, a model is proposed that combines Data Envelopment Analysis and Goal Programming. The model first estimates missing values and then calculates weights for the Human Development Index using Data Envelopment Analysis, which integrates standardized human development dimensions with natural resource factors. This revised Human Development Index results in new country rankings and is validated through a correlation analysis with the United Nations' Human Development Index and a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. The correlation analysis shows strong agreement in rankings despite different weighting methods, while the Wilcoxon test indicates significant differences in median rankings. Our proposed index offers a more comprehensive measure of human development by considering both human development dimensions and natural resources, enhancing the accuracy of the Human Development Index and suggesting areas for future research into additional factors affecting human development, beside others.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between human resource development in order to improve the 2014-2018 human development index in Kadiri City. Previous studies state that there is no significant relationship between economic growth and the process of human development. Economic growth does not contribute to human development. However, this is not the case in Kediri City. By using descriptive research methods documentation and literature. Data obtained using the method of documentation from formal government sources that have been published so that it can be categorized as valid and responsive data. The analysis was carried out by describing human resource development policies in terms of education, health, income level, employment, and other aspects that could increase the human development index (HDI) in Kediri City. Based on the results of the study revealed that the human resource development policy in the City of Kediri in the context of increasing the human development index (HDI) has been going very well, it is proven, the HDI of the City of Kediri for the last five years has always been above the East Java and National average. The success of the City of Kediri in increasing the HDI is due to the seriousness of the local government in increasing participation rates and the level of public education. Local governments are also serious in improving public health. In addition, the city government of Kediri also increased community income, poverty alleviation, increased GRDP, and various other businesses that were simultaneous and continued to manage. Furthermore, new findings from this study can contribute to stakeholders in taking strategic policy steps and suggesting that local governments increase the human development index (HDI) in their region by encouraging the development of human resources .