Abstract

Alcoholic beverages, socially accepted drinks around the world, are consumed (legally by adults and illegally by minors) to socialize, celebrate, and relax. However, persistent drinking results in the development of tolerance that necessitates a perpetual increase in alcohol drinking to achieve desired effects. In genetically predisposed subjects and in the presence of certain environmental cue, chronic alcohol drinking induces addiction, characterized by excessive uncontrollable drinking associated with rapid onset of the withdrawal symptoms. Currently there are only three medications approved by the U.S. FDA to treat alcoholism: disulfiram (alcohol metabolizing enzyme inhibitor), naltrexone (opiate receptor antagonist), topiramat and acamprosate (NMDA receptor inhibitor).

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