Abstract
By c. 1880 the basic structure of an industrial economy had been established. There followed a difficult period of adaptation to the more competitive conditions of relatively integrated national and international markets created by improved communications and free trade. During the next fifteen years, if the basic features of economic development were not changed, there was a marked slowing in rates of growth. Along with other industrialising countries, France experienced a long period of economic depression and crisis. The period c. 1880–c. 1914 is characterised by this and by the forms in which recovery occurred.
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