Abstract
A major challenge in the protection of the Iraqi environment from pollution is the difficulty of determining the perpetrator’s criminal responsibility for environmental pollution crimes. As such, there must be a set of legal procedures and punishments to combat environmental pollution crimes. Fixed legal procedures must be followed after a crime is detected and it should include investigations, arrests, court trials and enforcement of the punishment if the perpetrator is found guilty. The Iraqi legislative authority has acknowledged the perils of environmental pollution through the issuance of procedures and laws for the protection and control of the environment. These laws have made the punishments for the offenders more severe in order to serve as a general and private deterrent in order to remove the consequences of violation of the environment and restore the situation. This paper deliberated on the concept of public criminal responsibility in conformity with the Iraqi Penal Code Law No. 111 of 1969, the Iraqi Protection and Improvement of the Environment Act, Law No. 27 of 2009 as well as determined the offender’s criminal responsibility for offenses under the aforementioned laws. Also, there is a statement of the damage the U.S. occupation has inflicted upon Iraq including the pollution of the environment caused by the use of internationally forbidden weapons in 2003. On this matter, the qualitative research method was adopted as this method involves both primary and secondary sources. As such, people from the judiciary and academia who were involved in criminal law were personally interviewed. This study discovered that there are several legal issues and constraints and they are linked to weaknesses of Iraqi laws for the protection of the environment. On top of that, the many sources of environmental protection in Iraq has slowed down the rectification of the constraints and this in turn has significantly affected the determination of the offenders’ responsibilities for environmental pollution crimes.
Highlights
ICT spending has resulted in large and complex computing environments which have become overly expensive to operate, maintain and provide very little strategic value or return (Raup-Kounovsky et al, 2010; Teo and Ang, 1999)
The results show that all the six constructs coordination of expertise, communication plan, IT infrastructure reach, on time, within cost, process innovation and within cost are all valid measures of their respective constructs based on their parameter estimates and statistical significance (Chow and Chan, 2008)
This study supports conventional views of the influence of independent variables of coordination of expertise, communication plan and IT infrastructure reach on the perceived extent of process innovation in software project process in Malaysian public sector using the Partial Least Square (PLS) techniques in testing hypotheses
Summary
ICT spending has resulted in large and complex computing environments which have become overly expensive to operate, maintain and provide very little strategic value or return (Raup-Kounovsky et al, 2010; Teo and Ang, 1999). According to the AttorneyGeneral‟s report in 2006, the Customs Department spent RM290 million for a system which was subsequently underutilised In this case, the Deloitte Consulting firm was appointed to prepare a plan in the vicinity of RM451 million to develop the solution (Lee, 2007). In the manufacturing industry (Boujelben and Fedhila, 2010), information and technology (Rajala and Westerlund, 2008; Waychal et al, 2011), small and medium enterprises (SMEs) (Piperopoulos and Scase, 2009), defence industry (Borjesson and Elmquist, 2012) and pharmaceutical (Asad et al, 2018b; Chaturvedi and Chataway, 2006; Subramanian et al, 2011) This shows that innovations can assist organizations to defend and strengthen their organizations in the market. The last section is on discussion and conclusion with suggestions for future research
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
