Creativity, Formula, and Constraint

The availability of knowledge in digital form is changing the way some scholars view knowledge.Charlotte Hess and Elinor Ostrom, both of Indiana University, join forces to produce this collection of essays about the concept of knowledge as a commons.The scholars who contribute to this book examine knowledge as a shared resource, much like an environmental commons.The book originated in a working session on scholarly communication as a commons in 2004, but the authors note that the idea of an information commons began to emerge in the mid-1990s.Although the editors have attempted to broaden the scope of the book beyond the workshop's focus on scholarly communication, nearly all of the chapters deal with this topic.This is understandable, as all of the authors have connections with colleges or universities.This volume focuses on knowledge commons issues in the United States.A few international organizations and universities are mentioned, but the international issues related to the idea of a knowledge commons are not addressed here; specific legal and political concepts, such as copyright, are discussed from a U.S. perspective.The book is divided into three sections: "Studying the Knowledge Commons," "Protecting the Knowledge Commons," and "Building the Knowledge Commons."The first three chapters explain and justify the application of the commons metaphor to knowledge.They also discuss problems the knowledge commons might face, such as free-riding or disappearing assets.The early chapters are all interrelated, with references to other chapters in the book.They discuss ideas for encouraging scholars to contribute to archives or depositories of knowledge products, but fail to fully consider why there might be resistance to contributing scholarly articles.The second section focuses on protecting the knowledge commons, largely by resisting enclosure, questioning copyright, and preserving electronic journals.The chapters in the final section of book focus on building the knowledge commons.Some of these chapters are theoretical "thought experiments," while the last chapter is a case study of a digital library for economics.Although the editors note the differences between the knowledge commons and the idea of open access several times in earlier chapters, the two concepts become blurry in some later chapters.The concept of public domain is also mixed in, especially in discussions of copyright and open access.The book's essays flow logically from one to the next, with a couple of exceptions.James Boyle's provocative chapter, "Mertonianism Unbound?Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material,"

Corporate Social Responsibility and Philanthropy: The Missing Link

The case study of Topaze effect shows a networking practice of connecting two theoretical approaches, TSD and IDS. It investigates empirically two phenomena, Topaze effect and funnel pattern, of the two theories and networks the theories by comparing and contrasting these phenomena including also the semiotic game phenomenon. This process leads to deepening the understanding of the strengths and blind spots of the two theories on the one hand and provides enriched insight into the character of the phenomena and their common idea on the other.

In an environment where improvement initiatives are commonly run out simultaneously in all different parts of the system, many applied sciences are employed to address organizational problems. This results in competition between various departments within the same organization for infrastructure support, compliance needs, resource requirements, etc., and an inevitable waste of costs occur due to overlapping efforts, eroding the main objective of most organizations, namely cost reduction. This trouble can be abridged if the section works together to handle the landscape when it comes to implementing several technologies and processing models simultaneously. Furthermore, systems are required to possess a thoroughgoing discernment of the chosen IT framework and best exercises for carrying out this framework simultaneously. A common idea in all case studies is the behavioral challenges regarding resistance from employees. It has handled by appropriate change management. Another typical behavior is that all organizations only implement features of the IT framework that they consider more important rather than performing an IT framework holistically. Recommendations based on these key findings have been included in the mix of existing best practices meant to lead to the academic community.

Problem Statement: Recent research and evaluation reports show that students are not learning geometry efficiently. One identifier of student understanding related to geometry is teachers’ knowledge structures. Understanding what a proof is and writing proofs are essential for success in mathematics. Thus, school mathematics should include proving activities. Proofs are at the heart of mathematics, and proving is complex; teachers should help their students develop these processes in the early grades. The success of this process depends on teachers’ views about the essence and forms of proofs. Hence, it is necessary to investigate the classroom teachers’ perceptions related to proofs. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study is to determine the proof scheme of pre-service teachers when proving a geometry theorem. In this sense, the study is oriented by the research question: which proof schemes do pre-service teachers use when making proofs in geometry? Method: The current case study is a detailed examination of a particular subject. Firstly, an open ended question was asked, and then semistructured interviews were conducted. The three students investigated in this study were selected by considering their Basic Mathematics scores. Two girls having maximum and average scores and a boy having a minimum score voluntarily participated. The students were asked to proof “the sum of the interior angle measurements of a triangle is 180o”. After proving this, each student was interviewed about what they think about proofs and proving. Findings: The findings of the study reveal that pre-service classroom teachers have difficulties related to proving. Also, the participants’ attitudes are not parallel to their achievements in the lesson. Another result of this study concerns using proofs in teaching and learning processes. When students are asked about their opinions regarding proofs, it is understood that they have the common idea that the lessons should be made with proofs. Conclusion and Recommendations: The results of this study and other studies in the field reveal that pre-service teachers are not able to prove even a simple geometry theorem. What underlies this is that pre-service teachers are thought to have insufficient knowledge about the definitions of geometric concepts as well as the misconceptions concerning the topic. Another reason can be that participants do not experience any proving processes in previous education. Hence, students should realize how valuable proving and acquiring knowledge is through the counsel of a teacher. Keywords: Teaching mathematics, proving, teacher candidate

Detecting code duplication in large code bases, or even across project boundaries, is problematic due to the massive amount of data involved. Large-scale clone detection also opens new challenges beyond asking for the provenance of a single clone fragment, such as assessing the prevalence of code clones on the entire code base, and their evolution. We propose a set of lightweight techniques that may scale up to very large amounts of source code in the presence of multiple versions. The common idea behind these techniques is to use bad hashing to get a quick answer. We report on a case study, the Squeaksource ecosystem, which features thousands of software projects, with more than 40 million versions of methods, across more than seven years of evolution. We provide estimates for the prevalence of type-1, type-2, and type-3 clones in Squeaksource.

Detecting code duplication in large code bases, or even across project boundaries, is problematic due to the massive amount of data involved. Large-scale clone detection also opens new challenges beyond asking for the provenance of a single clone fragment, such as assessing the prevalence of code clones on the entire code base, and their evolution. We propose a set of lightweight techniques that may scale up to very large amounts of source code in the presence of multiple versions. The common idea behind these techniques is to use bad hashing to get a quick answer. We report on a case study, the Squeaksource ecosystem, which features thousands of software projects, with more than 40 million versions of methods, across more than seven years of evolution. We provide estimates for the prevalence of type-1, type-2, and type-3 clones in Squeaksource.

Can you imagine the future image of the cities without implementation of sustainable development? Nowadays, sustainable development is one of the most important issues that its social and physical aspects are strongly recommended. Formation of social sustainability depends on sustainable social relations, which in the field of urban design, emphasis on the space as a platform for the formation of these relationships is considered. On the other hand, the physical and spatial variables affect the responsiveness of environment, which influenced on the election and the presence of the people in outer urban spaces like streets. What is common idea in urban design is a direct relationship between physical environment and sociability of the streets. At the moment, in the cities, there are large numbers of the streets which aren't well prepared for presence of people despite of having high level of accessibility. Thus, a well-defined relationship should be exists between the accessibility rate and sociability of the streets in which if the accessibility rate excide from maximum desirable amount, a decrease will be observed in the sociability amount. The aim of this study provides criteria about physical design in relation to sociability amount of the urban streets. On this basis, fundamental research questions are: 1. How is the relationship between physical environment and sociability levels in urban streets? 2. How much access to urban streets is suitable with regard to social, socio - physical and spatial aspects? 3. What activities can support accessibility and sociability of the streets? The key problem is loss of urban activities in urban streets. Doing the above, identification of a practical and theoretical framework for measuring the function of urban street networks is the main findings of this study that the proposed framework considers the functions of streets in dynamic and static activities of people. Moreover, suggestion of the appropriate functions for streets according to the accessibility rate and expected sociability of streets is another outcome of this research. The research methodology is based on observation (gate observation, people following, and static activities), interview, and axial analysis in the case study of Malaysia.

A question of interest to scholars of International Politics concerns the manner in which weaker states attempt to influence stronger ones. This article offers a case study of one recent exercise in coalition-building among southern powers as a vehicle for change in international relations. It analyzes the global interests, strategies and values of India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) and the impact of the IBSA Dialogue Forum on the global order. Five major points are outlined. First, common ideas and values shape the global discourse of the emerging coalition. Second, soft balancing based on a value-driven middle power discourse is a suitable concept to explain IBSA’s strategy in global institutions. Third, institutional foreign policy instruments such as agenda-setting and coalition-building are pivotal elements of IBSA’s soft balancing approach. Fourth, the trilateral coalition suffers from considerable divergence of interest in global governance issues and limited potential gains of its sectoral cooperation, particularly in trade, due to a lack of complementarities of the participating economies. Finally, despite these obstacles the IBSA Forum has impacted the global order in recent years as a powerful driver for change. India, Brazil and South Africa have contributed to an incremental global power shift in their favour. The southern coalition also induced a change in the character of multilateralism and, in particular, its procedural values.

The article builds on the current debate on how accounting tools can assist top management teams to manage their resources, while communicating a variety of data and information about value creation to their stakeholders. Within this debate, the study focuses on a recent tool for corporate reporting, the Integrated Reporting (〈IR〉), and investigates its utility to support the development of a holistic model for managing strategic resources to create value. To operationalize the 〈IR〉 according to this perspective, the article combines 〈IR〉 with the Dynamic Resource-Based View (DRBV) of the firm on the basis of their common idea that strategic resources are interconnected and have to be managed with the collaboration of all stakeholders in order to inform governance actions and create value with a holistic perspective. For the two case studies analyzed, the information provided by the two organizations’ 〈IR〉 is specifically organized and re-framed using “resource mapping”, which is a DRBV-based visual and analytical technique representing the causal relationships between resources and governance actions. In this way, we not only aim to re-organize and visualize existing information into a new form, but we also expect to describe and communicate the dominant logic in the business and the leverage points where the value creation process lies, supporting the usefulness of Integrated Reporting as a management and governance tool.

Resource–usage–aware configuration in software product lines

Data from a recent mixed-methods study conducted among Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) raise important questions regarding the occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in this population. Three case studies illustrate two main findings. First, Veterans and family members participating in the study described three patterns of partner violence—violence committed in anger; dissociative violence; and parasomniac/hypnopompic violence—suggesting that distinct patterns of IPV may emerge in relation to PTSD symptoms. Second, participants’ descriptions suggest that common ideas about PTSD and war-related suffering can play an important role in influencing how Veterans and their partners respond to episodes of partner violence. It is important for those providing care to PTSD-diagnosed Veterans and their partners to understand when and how partner violence may occur, and how both parties may perceive and respond to it, in order to aid in developing appropriate plans for coping and safety-seeking.

This paper presents an in-depth contextualized tutorial on Agricultural IoT (Agri-IoT), covering the fundamental concepts, assessment of routing architectures and protocols, and performance optimization techniques via a systematic survey and synthesis of the related literature. The negative impacts of climate change and the increasing global population on food security and unemployment threats have motivated the adoption of the wireless sensor network (WSN)-based Agri-IoT as an indispensable underlying technology in precision agriculture and greenhouses to improve food production capacities and quality. However, most related Agri-IoT testbed solutions have failed to achieve their performance expectations due to the lack of an in-depth and contextualized reference tutorial that provides a holistic overview of communication technologies, routing architectures, and performance optimization modalities based on users’ expectations. Thus, although IoT applications are founded on a common idea, each use case (e.g., Agri-IoT) varies based on the specific performance and user expectations as well as technological, architectural, and deployment requirements. Likewise, the agricultural setting is a unique and hostile area where conventional IoT technologies do not apply, hence the need for this tutorial. Consequently, this tutorial addresses these via the following contributions: (1) a systematic overview of the fundamental concepts, technologies, and architectural standards of WSN-based Agri-IoT, (2) an evaluation of the technical design requirements of a robust, location-independent, and affordable Agri-IoT, (3) a comprehensive survey of the benchmarking fault-tolerance techniques, communication standards, routing and medium access control (MAC) protocols, and WSN-based Agri-IoT testbed solutions, and (4) an in-depth case study on how to design a self-healing, energy-efficient, affordable, adaptive, stable, autonomous, and cluster-based WSN-specific Agri-IoT from a proposed taxonomy of multi-objective optimization (MOO) metrics that can guarantee an optimized network performance. Furthermore, this tutorial established new taxonomies of faults, architectural layers, and MOO metrics for cluster-based Agri-IoT (CA-IoT) networks and a three-tier objective framework with remedial measures for designing an efficient associated supervisory protocol for cluster-based Agri-IoT networks.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show that the idea and implementation of information commons' is becoming more prevalent in the academic library community. Many of these have been implemented in what were once General Reference areas of libraries. This paper discusses the process and experience of the Harold B. Lee Library at Brigham Young University, including concept development, acceptance and implementation. In addition, the first 18 months of operation and our visions for the future of our implementation are contained herein. One of the major themes of the paper is that change in an information commons is inevitable.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a case study of the information commons implementation done at Brigham Young University.FindingsThe paper shows the implementation of the information commons at Brigham Young University has been very successful and it will continue to adapt as higher education practice at the University continues to change.Practical implicationsThis paper shows that the jury is still out as concerns “best practices” in information commons' design, Brigham Young University's experience constitutes a case study, which may very well emerge as an example of “best practice.”Originality/valueShows that the experience at Brigham Young University will help other academic institutions as they contemplate implementing an information commons or changing a current implementation.

Online, communities of people aggregate, sharing common interests, ideas, and feelings over the Internet. In this article we focus on the concept of so-called virtual communities (VCs) from a theoretical and empirical perspective. We want to provide a definition from desk research which can be useful on the theoretical and the empirical level. Moreover, we compare it with the definition that emerges from the interviews, which is typical from the qualitative approach perspective. Research questions (RQs) are: (1) How can a VC be defined? and (2) How is a VC defined by its users? We used Porter’s typology of VCs to select four case studies and conducted 49 in-depth interviews with their members. Our study points to the applicability and usefulness of Porter's typology of virtual communities and suggests a new approach for defining the concept VC.