Creative Engineering Design of Automotive Brake in Rainy Days Using TRIZ

With the application of the TRIZ tool, this study attempts to solve the problem of defective brakes, as caused by the high temperature created during the friction between the brake pad and disc, for creative design and discussion. During the process of design, the design and discussion of function analysis, substance-field analysis, design discussion and improvement of 76 standard solutions, discussion of opportunity recognition, and design and discussion of 39 engineering parameters and 40 invention principles, are used for a series of analysis.Finally, the separate and water cooled disc braking system is used to provide the possibility and reference for the creative engineering design and patent of relevant industries. Keywords: TRIZ, braking system, disc, cooling

The passenger car is one of the most popular types of transportation for people to travel from one place to another. The improvement of vehicle safety has become one of the most meaningful targets in the vehicle industry. Indeed, a braking system plays an important role to enhance the active vehicle safety. This research is an actual case study of an automotive manufacturer, where the problem was provided by and decided from the industry which focuses on improving the braking system of the passenger car by using the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) methodology. This paper outlines the steps involved in problem identification by using this methodology.

The anti-lock braking system is an important part of automotive electrics, and relates the automobile safety performance. To aim at the strict signal control problem of the brake power in the anti-lock braking system, the automotive anti-lock braking system working principle is analyzed, and an experiment of automotive anti-lock braking system signal processing based on electrical mechanism was advanced. Then, the modeling structure, data and test of automotive anti-lock braking system signal processing applied four-wheel speed sensors were particularly presented. Finally, the experimental results proved that it was fast and accurate, and provided the suitable gist of automotive anti-lock braking system control at the view of application.

This paper is investigating the transient solution for a heat conduction problem in solids with insulated boundary. This class of problem is often encountered in automotive brake and clutch systems where the frictional heat generated at contact surface is much larger than that the system is capable of dissipating. The heat conduction equation can be solved through the superposition of the homogenous solution and the particular solution. The use of the steady state solution as a particular solution can however result in a lack of numerical accuracy because of its order of magnitude driven by the nearly insulated boundary. A special solution form is proposed for the particular solution to account for such boundary condition. The proposed solution was tested in the context of a typical clutch disk sliding between two non-conductive rigid bodies. The solution has proven to be time efficient and free of numerical accuracy associated with the order of magnitude of the particular solution.

With the rise of industry and technology development based on the utilization of fossil fuels as a main energy source as well as environmental and air pollution greenhouse gases have drastically increased with the alert and demand to alter the sources of energy. One way to do so is to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and replace it by other sources such as renewable energies. Most interesting and promising is solar energy. After the discovery of the photovoltaic effect and applying it for making solar cells, an effective way to convert solar energy into electric energy has become achievable. Throughout history three different solar cell generations can be observed mostly based on the evolution of solar cells by the decrease of the solar cell thickness and the lowering of the active layer thickness from µm to nm. Beyond the decrease in thickness of the solar cells, the price of solar cells has dropped over the years. Still, the silicon-based technology is complex and cost-intensive. The third generation of solar cells are thin films with their most interesting and well-researched sub-group: perovskite solar cells. This new way of cheap and easy-to-fabricate solar cell has interested both, scientists and industry. A decade of lead-based perovskite solar cells in the scientific community has shown an increase in power conversion efficiency from 3.8 to 26 % and enormous interest of world scientists investigating the excellent photovoltaic properties of these lead-based perovskites (e.g. CH3NH3PbI3) but also the possibility of large commercialization. Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite absorbers have excellent photovoltaic properties, such as suitable bandgap, high optical absorption, and long carrier lifetime. Unfortunately, underlying issues are the presence of toxic lead and the cell instability under ambient atmosphere (e.g. O2 and H2O). Bismuth-based lead-free double perovskites (e.g. Cs2AgBiBr6) have been considered as alternatives to the lead-based perovskites for solar cell applications. Trivalent cations, such as Bi3+ along with monovalent cations, Ag+, have been concurrently introduced to the B-sites of halide perovskites, leading to B cation double perovskites with the general chemical formula of A2B’B’’X6. These Pb-free double perovskites have been reported to have promising photovoltaic properties, including long carrier recombination lifetime, good stability against air and moisture, and low carrier effective masses. Thus, they are a potential alternative to the toxic lead halide perovskites. Nevertheless, device development is still in its infancy, and its performance is affected by severe hysteresis. In this work the realization of the synthesis and deposition of the double perovskite is presented via different deposition routes such as vacuum vapor and solution deposition. The double perovskite thin films have been optimized and characterized using different surface and material characterization methods. Afterwards, hysteresis-free planar and mesoporous double perovskite solar cells with no s-shape in the device characteristics and increased device open circuit voltage have been realized for the first time. This has been achieved by fine-tuning the material deposition parameters and layer optimization using several modification routes such as different temperature annealings, the thicknesses of mesoporous and perovskite layer, ozone and TiCl4 treatments leading to better infiltration of the double perovskite solution into mesoporous TiO2–ending with a significant improvement in solar cell performance. Except of device and interface engineering, to improve the material properties, compositional engineering has been conducted using mixing elements such as organic cation methylammonium, inorganic cation antimony and halide anion iodine. Finally, dimensional engineering has been achieved by adding large organic cations to the double perovskite crystal structure resulting in the new white emissive 2D and quasi 2D lead-free double perovskite materials.

The objective of this study is to analyze the thermal behavior of a ventilated brake disc – a type commonly used in passenger vehicles due to its relatively effective heat dissipation to the environment. Although automotive braking systems have continuously improved and evolved over the past decades, the fundamental operating principle of braking remains unchanged. For this reason, researchers have always had a desire to find possible solutions to enhance braking efficiency. A moving vehicle is equipped with the braking system to control speed and come to a stop. The heat generated during braking is the result of repeated braking actions, where the vehicle's kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy. Brake components can become overheated, potentially leading to brake fade, which poses serious risks to both passengers and cargo. The heat generated during braking is mostly conducted into the disc and retained there, with most of this heat being released into the environment through forced convection. The main goal of this research is to analyze the thermal characteristics of a brake disc in dry contact with the brake pad during braking. The design and thermal analysis of the brake disc were carried out using ANSYS 2022 R1 software. This study also compares the temperature distribution in two different brake disc materials: FG15 and stainless steel.

Since the introduction of the Porsche Ceramic Composite Brake ( PCCB ) in the Porsche 911 GT 2 in 2001, ceramic brake systems provide an exceptional braking power not only in Porsche vehicles but also in high performance cars of other Original Equipment Manufacturers. The ceramic brake disks of these high performance brake systems are based on a special carbon short fibre‐reinforced composite material, which is, after the manufacturing of the green body and the pyrolysis, exposed to liquid silicon in a high‐temperature vacuum process at approx. 1700°C. The results of this in situ reaction of silicon and carbon to silicon carbide are brake disks, which are significantly lighter, compared to conventional brake disks out of gray cast iron. These brake disks offer higher strength, higher thermal stability and thus lower wear such as higher fading stability. This article discusses on the one hand the advantages of this lightweight brake system and on the other hand essential aspects concerning the integration of ceramic composite brake disks, resulting from vehicle‐specific requirements, into the chassis. Furthermore, selected relationships between brake disk design, the manufacturing, the material composition, the assembly and the resulting component properties are explained.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Disc brakes play a vital role in automotive braking systems, offering a dependable and effective means of decelerating or halting a vehicle. The disc brake assembly functions by converting the vehicle's kinetic energy into thermal energy through friction. The performances of the brake assembly and user experience are significantly impacted by squeal noise and wear behaviour. This paper delves into the fundamental mechanisms behind squeal noise and assesses the wear performance of the disc brake assembly. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are an innovative type of composite material, characterized by gradual variations in composition and structure throughout their volume, leading to changes in properties such as mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. FGMs have emerged as a groundbreaking solution in the design and manufacturing of brake rotors, addressing significant challenges related to thermal stress, wear resistance, and overall performance. These studies evaluate the noise and wear behaviour of disc brake assemblies made with FGMs. The paper also investigates the application of FGMs in brake rotors, highlighting their distinctive properties and the advantages they offer to automotive braking systems. The study underscores the importance of further research and development to fully leverage the benefits of FGMs in enhancing brake system performance.</div></div>

Transdisciplinary paradigm of digital researches, acting as the basis of synthesis of knowledge of the person, the nature, society and production, supplements scientific rationality. She allows to create digital doubles of social services and production of production of products and technological process of operation of the equipment. Digital doubles by training of neural network systems on the basis of the saved-up big data relating to services sector or production for intellectual management of technological processes and the equipment are created. The digital double carries out activity automatically on the instructions of the person. Intellectual production management by digital doubles optimizes its work, increases labor productivity and competitiveness of products on quality and the price. Digital doubles of the person render services in the social sphere. Specialization of digital doubles to professional competences is carried out on the basis of communicative associative logic of technological thinking by cognitive methods. The international scientific and engineering society gradually moves to technical realization of the cognitive professional robot with retraining. The group of the University of California in Berkeley and Princeton investigating efficiency of methods of machine learning for forecasting of human behavior offered the new approach which is given rise on a joint of AI and cognitive psychology. Scientists presented the new concept providing preliminary training of neural networks at the synthetic data prepared by psychologists by means of the existing theoretical models. Approach can be used by other groups for a training of their own models of machine learning. Approach combines the existing scientific theories of behavior of the person with flexibility of neural networks for the best forecasting of the risky decisions made by the person. From the practical point of view it allows to save to researchers a lot of time which is spent usually on data collection for the knowledge base of human behavior.

The Engineering Problem Solving process has two aspects. It relies on the talent of the designer on the one hand and the efficiency of the problem solving tools on the other. Talent is an attribute of a person. It is very difficult to formalize the talent of an individual, and no satisfactory formalization has been achieved successfully. For this reason only the original designer’s talent and his/her knowledge and experience are available for use during the problem solving process. However, there are several choices and decisions that can be made concerning methods, algorithms, and software packages. After those choices are made the next steps in the problem solving process can be outlined. The problem solving method described in this paper is called a Brief Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (BTIPS) and was developed on the basis of TRIZ (Russian: теория решения изобретательских задач, teoriya resheniya izobretatelskikh zadatch) and TIPS (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) and taught at the University of Connecticut (UConn). The application of this method starts with the accurate definition of the problem. The problem has to be properly separated from the environment. Further problem solving choices depend on the knowledge of the designer and include the right sequence of steps, definition of contradictions, choice of solution modules, algorithms, definition of designed systems and subsystems, and choice of elements and objects. There are several further paths to be selected and resulting decisions to be made. Those decisions and the processes following them are described in this paper. The recommendations for the proper path are given and the procedures are discussed. The derivation of the Ideal Solution is described and tests of the solution’s effectiveness and economy are given. The experience gained from teaching one Mechanical Engineering course, three MEM (Management Engineering for Manufacturing) courses at UConn, one graduate course at UConn, one graduate course at the University of Fairfield, and several special non-academic courses for practicing engineers is summarized. Some students’ opinions are analyzed and recommendations for further education and the practice of engineering problem solving are derived. The references to the existing teaching, research, practice, and development studies are quoted. This paper is devoted to the characteristics of BTIPS method. The companion paper [1] is devoted to the characteristics of the software that could be used with the method. TIPS (the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) is a further development of Altshuller’s theory done by Invention Machine under the leadership of Valery Tsourikov [2]. BTIPS (Brief Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) is a simplified version of TIPS developed at the University of Connecticut (UConn) especially for teaching purposes, though it is also powerful when applied to engineering practice problems [3].

With the continuous improvement of China's social and economic level and industrialization, there are more and more infrastructure projects in transportation and other fields, and the number and variety of construction machinery used for these tunnel constructions are also growing at the same rate. However, almost all construction machinery uses diesel engines as a power source, causing fuel waste and environmental pollution problems. Therefore, this paper proposes a dual power system applied to construction machinery, which has two major power sources - diesel engine and electric motor. This paper mainly analyzes the connection mode of the double power system of engineering machinery. According to their respective characteristics, after the comprehensive analysis, the separated series structure is selected as the research object of this thesis. The motor structure is modified to provide an overrunning clutch inside, and the diesel engine and the electric motor are connected by an overrunning clutch. In the environment with small working space, the double power system is driven by electric motor, which not only realizes zero emission of vehicle exhaust, but also protects the health of drivers and construction personnel. Moreover, from the perspective of energy saving and environmental protection, the motor drive system has great advantages. It provides theoretical guidance for the development of double power systems for construction machinery in the future.

Some geophysical prediction methods has different suitability when using in the double shield TBM(tunnel boring machine) affected by the double shield TBM equipment, construction technology. We analyze the suitability of different geophysical methods in double shield TBM advance geological prediction. Taking a double shield TBM tunnel with large embedded depth in southeast Tibet for example, we studied the application effect of EH4(high frequency magnetotelluric method),ISP(integrated seismic prediction),HSP(horizontal sound probing) and improved TRT(tunnel reflection tomography) in advance forecast of the tunnel. Used as a macro forecasting tool, EH4 can find large-scale unfavorable geological body. ISP and HSP are used as active and passive sources methods, could provides a more accurate prediction for the geological conditions. The two methods have good consistency. Improved TRT method solves the problem of seismic source hammer excitation and detector installation, has good precision for advance geological prediction. TRT also providing reflection interface and wave velocity curve, these data are beneficial to the analysis and judgment of geological engineers. Research shows that using EH4 as the macro forecasting method, ISP,HSP and TRT as the comprehensive prediction methods, has a good geological forecasting effect in southeast Tibet double shield TBM tunnel, prediction results provide a basis for engineering construction and technical treatment.

— In today’s business world, it is obligatory to produce or closely follow and apply the technological and scientific developments in order to survive in a highly competitive environment by establishing productive, efficient and profitable businesses and to keep abreast of the rapid changes of the needs. In this paper, TRIZ’s (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) difference, which occurred with the possession of inventive problem solving philosophy and the provision of the possibility to use extensive knowledge base, is explained. The systematic approach of TRIZ is essentially emphasized in detail. Brief explanations of other problem solving methods are also presented in order to provide a benchmark to reveal the strong and weak characteristics of TRIZ among the other methods. The possibility of using TRIZ together with other problem solving techniques, instead of using the method as a single solution provider, is discussed in the paper

Identification and conception of cleaner production opportunities with the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving

The stability of single and double side slopes is studied with the strength reduction method and the finite element analysis software ABAQUS. Firstly,the feasibility of the method is validated with typical examples. Then the stability of single and double side soil slopes with different slope parameters,including slope angle and height,soil cohesive strength and friction angle,is analyzed by the model simulation. The influencing characteristics and laws of the slope parameters are discussed on the factor of safety for the two kinds of slopes. The occurrence and expansion of soil plastic strain zone are also displayed. The following results are found. (1)The variation of the factor with single slope parameter,slope angle,slope height or soil cohesive strength,soil friction angle is basically consistent and approximately linear. The influence laws on the stability of single and double side slopes are the same. (2)The stability of the double side slope is lower than that of the single side slope. But when the geometric and physical parameters of the slope are within a certain range,the two tend to be consistent. (3)It does not appear at the same time between the inflection point of displacement curve at the top of the slope and the plastic zone of the slope. There are differences between the different criteria for evaluating the stability of the soil slope. It is suggested that double side slope or even more complex slope analysis model should be used for slope stability evaluation in practical engineering,and different critical state criteria of slope stability should be used synthetically.