Creative Economy and Cultural Heritage Governance

Pencak silat is a martial arts method created by the Indonesian people for protect yourself from danger. Pencak silat schools in Indonesia are synonymous with tugu universities which is the identity of a pencak silat school near the area with the symbol of a particular college. The existence of a martial arts monument can give rise to prolonged conflict between universities due to social jealousy and displeasure between other martial arts schools, to the detriment of civilians who live around the monument the martial arts. On the basis of frequent clashes due to pencak silat monuments made the governor of east java give an appeal to put in order the university monuments martial arts. Then the east java provincial government through the east java bakesbangpol issued an appeal for independently dismantle the martial arts school monument. The aim of this research is to determine the sustainability of the silat monument control program and to determine the role of law enforcement in controlling silat college monuments in Bojonegoro district, east java. The researcher used qualitative research methods with a type of empirical normative legal research.

By means of the literature data, interview, questionnaire, mathematical statistics and logic analysis method, this paper gets a comprehensive understanding of the health clubs in Nanjing downtown, including the venue status analysis, operation mode analysis, charge situation analysis, situation analysis of the Wushu Sanda practitioners and coaches in the Wushu Sanda clubs.Studies have shown that Wushu Sanda development of the fitness clubs is in an upward trend overall and has a great potential for development.However, there are also some factors that constraint Wushu Sanda practitioner to participate in the practice of club Wushu Sanda, such as the club has a less number of experienced and professional Sanda coaches and there is still much room for improvement of the quality of some of the coaches.Besides, the Wushu Sanda clubs possess a single business model, which mainly is small-scale operation.And the Sanda training conditions provided by the clubs is relatively poor, so it needs to further increase capital investment in hardware conditions to improve it significantly.Based on these studies, in the end, this article puts forward meaningful recommendations for the further development of Wushu Sanda in Nanjing fitness clubs, in order to better serve the public.

Kashima city is best known for having the oldest martial arts schools in Japan. While some of its martial arts schools, such as the Kashima Shinryū, were officially established in the latter half of the medieval period, there was already a long tradition of martial arts in Kashima region since the Kofun period (the fourth to the seventh centuries AD). This paper focuses on archaeological remains and the landscape around the Kashima Grand Shrine, to clarify the significance and influence of the Kashima Grand Shrine in managing the eastern part of the territory of ancient Japan. This paper examines some characteristics of the region, such as its coastal location that enabled the transportation of materials and soldiers. Another specific aspect of the place could be the advanced metal production evident in the giant sword of the Kashima Grand Shrine made in the early ancient period. Ancient workshops for metallurgy were found at the former local government office in Hitachi-no-kuni, the area of today’s Ibaraki Prefecture. It thus seems no coincidence that Kashima was chosen as a kind of military base. The archaeological findings that have been made in this location provide many reasons why the lineages of various martial arts schools, including the Kashima Shinryū, derived from this city, which led to the formation of later bushi groups in the medieval period of eastern Japan.

The present study reviews the key contents and issues of Traditionalism, New Traditionalism and Revisionism, the key historical views of Taekwondo, with the purpose of focusing on the validity and limitations of New Revisionism. Traditionalism emphasizes that Taekwondo is Korea’s traditional martial art. New Traditionalism accepts this view and also recognizes the partial effect of Karate on Taekwondo without providing enough supporting evidence on their claims. Revisionism also focuses on the effect of Karate on Taekwondo. While New Revisionism shares a similar focus to Revisionism, it also focuses on the effects of Chinese martial arts on Karate and Taekwondo, which have been neglected previously. The validity of New Revisionism was supported with evidence on the following factors: the effect of Chinese martial arts on Karate, the effect of Chinese martial arts on Korea’s top five martial arts schools and their training methods, and the effect of Chinese martial arts appearing in the book written by the figures related to the top five initial martial arts schools after 1945. Despite a few limitations of the current historical views, New Revisionism suggests that Korea’s Taekwondo was affected by Japanese martial arts and Chinese martial arts, both directly and indirectly, in its formation.

Martial arts organisations increasingly blend online and offline activity in order to cultivate specific qualities, skills and virtues. Students and instructors use blogs, chat fora, videos and podcasts to supplement their self- and shared cultivation, and this expanded with the COVID-19 lockdown in Britain. Martial arts schools have been closed and even disbanded while governments control people’s physical interactions through social distancing measures. This article draws on case studies of two British martial arts schools (Taijiquan and historical fencing) in order to examine how they have adapted to the lockdown. It offers these case studies to narrate the developments of how teachers and their localised communities have been creative during this moment of international crisis – from instructor-led online, live training sessions and lectures to student-led chat fora and movie nights for continued sociability and identity construction. In so doing, this article makes use of martial arts theories: Shared Cultivation (Jennings, 2010) and Martial Creation (Jennings, 2019) to explain how martial artists continue to develop through creative online endeavours and through their moving bodies within the confines of their homes. Finally, I argue that this creative martial arts cultivation during the COVID-19 pandemic might be extended to wider physical culture.

The experienced constraints of participants in leisure and recreation programs have not been thoroughly investigated; nevertheless, these constraints can influence levels of satisfaction and commitment and the decision to drop out or continue participating. The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to examine the extent to which constraints predict member satisfaction and commitment and (b) to examine the relationship between socio-demographic variables and the influence of constraints among martial arts participants. The target population evaluated for this study consisted of individuals aged at least 18 years or older who had attended a martial arts school. A total of 595 participants were recruited through on-site and online test administrations. The findings of this study revealed that martial arts consumers of various socio-demographic backgrounds had different perceptions of constraining factors that affected their attendance at martial arts schools.

PurposeThis study was conducted to ensure that the selected antecedent concepts, including market demand and psychological factors, were fully focused and studied in detail and depth. The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a theoretical framework that specifies direct and indirect relationships among market demand, perceived benefits, perceived constraint, perceived value, consumer satisfaction and member commitment in martial arts programs.Design/methodology/approachResearch participants (n=595) were martial arts school participants, who resided in the USA. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the measurement model and the proposed model was tested by conducting structural equation modeling analyses.FindingsFindings of this study indicated that perceived benefits and perceived constraints partially mediated the relationship between the market demand factors and perceived value, which in turn influenced member satisfaction and commitment. Economic Condition Consideration was found to be the most critical predictor of market demand.Originality/valueGenerating what-to-do and how-to-do implications that were specific to martial arts school and marketing practices were the priority of the investigators of this study. Administrators of martial arts programs may consider adopting the resultant theoretical framework as a general guide in their marketing efforts to recruit and retain program participants.

A scientific framework for this study is the Humanistic Theory of Martial Arts, and the psychology of sport using the concepts of goal, task and success. The problem and aim of this study was an explanation of “perception of success” in groups of adults practising martial arts. Is perception of success influenced by the respondents' social background or the type of martial art practised? Would there be any differences in results depending on their country of origin and residence, and if so, what results? The research was done within the framework of the IMACSSS.1A/2011: “Social determinants of participation in martial arts schools and clubs”. The tool was Perception of Success Questionnaire, which was used to survey a number of respondents from the United States, the Czech Republic and Poland, who were selected randomly and participated voluntarily. The statements and calculations have been ranked by more- or - less contact forms of martial arts. The results obtained in this study indicate a poor relationship between perception of success and the type of fighting style practised and a measurable relationship between the perception of success and social origin. There is a weak relationship in perception of success by respondents from American or European cultures.

In this paper, I explore the discursive roots of inclusivity in mixed-sex martial arts training in the UK. On the basis of data from two qualitative studies conducted in the East Midlands, I briefly account for the level of integration among several martial arts schools, before focusing on the unique meanings of martial arts that appeared to facilitate the normalization of this integration among participants. Drawing on insights from queer feminist theory, I argue that the discursive framing of martial arts in contemporary Western culture is significant in the generation and normalization of mixed-sex inclusivity in these settings. As such, I suggest that scholars interested in the potential of sex-integrated sports for challenging dominant sexual hierarchies should be attentive to the unique discursive meanings of specific sports cultures, which may be generative of possibilities for radical forms of embodiment and practice.

Problem. A monographic study has been undertaken to highlight the specificity of one martial arts school and martial arts research centres. That is, the author tries to determine how this researched centre / school performs its function in the perspective of 30 years of activity. Method – monographic, which has reached into several categories of sources and studies. The method is the case study alone, both descriptive and evaluative, with participant observation and photographic documentation. Results. The Rzeszow Centre “Dojo Budokan” (RCDB) was originally a major club or group of sections, then the main centre of one of associations, and was active in sports structures. Then, since 2000, it also participates in scientific and publishing activities. Conclusions. The RCDB works similarly to other martial arts schools, but is not limited to self defence, sports training or recreational services. The leader gives a tone for the activity. A broad educational program is underway.

Introduction : the problems of sports selection and selection of prospective children in martial arts schools are quite relevant in the sports practice. It was revealed the use of various selection techniques in the practice of martial arts. There is no unified methodological system for selection in martial arts schools. The purpose of the study : to determine the dependence of the dynamics of sports results of elite athletes on the procedure of sports selection (for example, the Greco-Roman wrestling). Material and methods : elite Greco-Roman wrestlers (n = 114) took part in the research. Age of athletes: 25-45 years. Qualification: International masters of sport (n = 8), masters of sport (n = 49), candidates in masters of sport (n = 57). Athletes filled out a diagnostic card with data on the procedure of sports selection. It was indicated the dynamics of competitive results during the sports career. Indicators of performance and stability of athletes were calculated applying the mathematical statistics methods ( ). The reliability of the results was determined by Student's t-test. Results : Data analysis showed that a significant part of athletes did not pass the selection procedure (n = 23). Many athletes passed only a partial selection procedure (n = 39). Some athletes did not pass the selection procedure. These athletes are not inferior in terms of stability to athletes who passed the selection at the 1st and 2nd levels of competitive results. In subsequent competitions, these athletes demonstrated the reliable (P <0.05) decrease in indicators of stability in comparison with other athletes. It was revealed a significant (P <0.05) advantage in indicators of stability among athletes who passed a partial selection procedure at the 4th level of competitive results. Conclusions : It was found the dependence of stability indicators at high levels of competitive results on the selection procedure of athletes. The athletes who passed the selection procedure demonstrate higher stability at high levels of competitive results. It was revealed a formal attitude to the selection procedure in some coaches and specialists. The trainers do not pay due attention to the indicators of maintaining body balance and coordination abilities during the selection of candidates. It has been revealed that the motor tests applied in the selection procedure do not allow an objective assessment of the potential of athletes' competitive achievements.

This paper examines the spatial distribution pattern and influencing factors of Martial Arts Schools (MASs) based on Baidu map data and Geographic Information System (GIS) in China. Using python to obtain the latitude and longitude data of the MASs through Baidu Map API, and with the help of ArcGIS (10.7) to coordinate information presented on the map of China. By harnessing the geographic latitude and longitude data for 492 MASs across 31 Provinces in China mainland as of May 2024, this study employs a suite of analytical tools including nearest neighbor analysis, kernel density estimation, the disequilibrium index, spatial autocorrelation, and geographically weighted regression analysis within the ArcGIS environment, to graphically delineate the spatial distribution nuances of MASs. The investigation draws upon variables such as martial arts boxings, Wushu hometowns, intangible cultural heritage boxings of Wushu, population education level, Per capita disposable income, and population density to elucidate the spatial distribution idiosyncrasies of MASs. (1) The spatial analytical endeavor unveiled a Moran's I value of 0.172, accompanied by a Z-score of 1.75 and a P-value of 0.079, signifying an uneven and clustered distribution pattern predominantly concentrated in provinces such as Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Hunan, and Sichuan. (2) The delineation of MASs exhibited a prominent high-density core centered around Shandong, flanked by secondary high-density clusters with Hunan and Sichuan at their heart. (3) Amongst the array of variables dissected to explain the spatial distribution traits, the explicative potency of 'martial arts boxings', 'Wushu hometowns', 'intangible cultural heritage boxings of Wushu', 'population education level', 'Per capita disposable income', and 'population density' exhibited a descending trajectory, whilst 'educational level of the populace' inversely correlated with the geographical dispersion of MASs. (4) The entrenched regional cultural ethos significantly impacts the spatial layout of martial arts institutions, endowing them with distinct regional characteristics.

Communal violence involving martial arts schools has become a recurrent issue that threatens local social stability. This study examines the role of the police in resolving conflicts between martial arts schools through a Restorative Justice (RJ) approach in Patrang District, Jember Regency, and identifies the factors influencing the effectiveness of its implementation. Using an empirical juridical research method, data were collected through document analysis (LPM, SP.Gas, SP.Lidik, and Mediation Reports) and interviews with police investigators and leaders of martial arts organizations. The findings reveal that the police perform multiple roles, including pre-emptive and preventive measures, the facilitation of penal mediation, and the application of proportional repressive actions based on legal discretion under Police Regulation No. 8 of 2021. The effectiveness of RJ is shaped by three key factors: procedural validity, social legitimacy of the police and willingness of conflicting groups to reconcile, and institutional support from the Jember Martial Arts Communication Forum (FKPJ) as a multiparty dialogue platform. Although RJ successfully suppresses escalation and prevents retaliation, its implementation faces challenges such as personnel limitations, internal group dynamics, and maintaining neutrality.

Vietnamese Traditional Martial Arts are a cultural heritage of the Vietnamese people. This term refers to various martial arts schools and styles created, developed, preserved, and widely passed down by the Vietnamese over many generations throughout the long history of the nation. This study aims to provide information on the current state of activities in Traditional Martial Arts clubs in Duyen Hai Town, Tra Vinh Province, Vietnam. The research employs methods such as literature review, interviews, and statistical analysis to address the study objectives. The research subjects include 477 martial arts students and 18 administrators, masters, and coaches from Vietnamese Traditional Martial Arts clubs in Duyen Hai Town, Tra Vinh Province, Vietnam. Research results show that the current situation in Duyen Hai Town, Tra Vinh Province, includes 10 Traditional Martial Arts Clubs with 477 practitioners. However, facilities remain limited; management staff and coaches participate in annual training courses to enhance their professional capacity, yet the management and organization of the Traditional Martial Arts Clubs have not been regularly prioritized by managers and coaches.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0908/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

The Olympic sport of taekwondo WT is currently represented as a Korean national martial art and is widespread around the world. World Taekwondo celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2023, and the modern history of taekwondo has a total of about 80 years. This paper analyses the emergence, formation, and development of taekwondo institutions, the basis for their creation, and the goals of their activities related to the political and social environment in different periods of the Republic of Korea. The study describes the creation and development of the modern Korean national combat system, followed by a study of the role of the Korean government in the purposeful use of the properties of taekwondo as a national sport, a component of Korean culture in state building – unification of the nation, strengthening of state institutions, and as a tool of national branding – presentation of a positive image of the South Korean state in the world through taekwondo. Ultimately, this strengthens the position of the ruling elite of the Republic of Korea, which is using the potential of taekwondo as a national sport in both domestic politics and international relations as a cultural resource for engagement and persuasion. The paper examines the path of taekwondo to Olympic recognition as a sport and its transformation into a powerful tool of soft power for the Republic of Korea in politics, the role of taekwondo-related institutions in international humanitarian activities, and the political goals pursued by the government of the Republic of Korea in its participation in aid programs for developing countries. The article also provides retrospective information on the emergence of the first martial arts schools, which were positioned as Korean national schools after the end of World War II and the liberation of Korea from Japanese enslavement. The first schools of the Korean martial art, which later became known as taekwondo, were created by dedicated Korean martial artists. However, the Republic of Korea, exhausted by decades of Japanese occupation and the Korean War of 1950-1953, was too unstable both socially and economically to focus on cultural issues, and in particular, sports as a component of culture. The coming to power of the military led by General Park Chung-hee in 1961 changed all walks of life in the Republic of Korea. The authoritarian regime of Park Chung-hee made sport an important factor in state policy. The government of the Republic of Korea uses sport as a political tool to promote its achievements, unite the nation, shape international perceptions of the revival, development, and positive image of South Korea, and justify the actions of several South Korean military regimes in the eyes of international society. The subject of this study is WT Taekwondo as a means of policy of the Republic of Korea. The purpose of the study is to highlight the consistent actions of the government of the Republic of Korea to transform taekwondo from a purely applied, military system of hand-to-hand combat into a vivid symbol of Korean culture, a kind of political project and an effective means of soft power in the Republic of Korea's policy. The author used the following research methods: functional analysis, synthesis, and historical method. The results of the research showed that: WT taekwondo is a unique phenomenon not only in the field of sports and culture but also in politics; Korean culture in general and the national sport of Taekwondo WT in particular, as a "soft power" in politics, contribute to strengthening the role of the Republic of Korea in the world; Taekwondo is the first successful international cultural export of South Korea; Physical culture and sports are part of national and world culture and are a means and component of politics. High-performance sports are an integral part of modern international politics. The phenomenon of WT taekwondo, considered in this paper as a policy tool of the Republic of Korea, certainly deserves further research.