Abstract
(1) Background: Until now, several reports about pregnant women with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been published. However, there are no comprehensive systematic reviews collecting all case series studies on data regarding adverse pregnancy outcomes, especially association with treatment modalities. (2) Objective: We aimed to synthesize the most up-to-date and relevant available evidence on the outcomes of pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed infection with COVID-19. (3) Methods: PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Google scholar, and Embase were explored for studies and papers regarding pregnant women with COVID-19, including obstetrical, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes and complications published from 1 January 2020 to 4 May 2020. Systematic review and search of the published literature was done using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). (4) Results: In total, 11 case series studies comprising 104 pregnant women with COVID-19 were included in our review. Fever (58.6%) and cough (30.7%) were the most common symptoms. Other symptoms included dyspnea (14.4%), chest discomfort (3.9%), sputum production (1.0%), sore throat (2.9%), and nasal obstruction (1.0%). Fifty-two patients (50.0%) eventually demonstrated abnormal chest CT, and of those with ground glass opacity (GGO), 23 (22.1%) were bilateral and 10 (9.6%) were unilateral. The most common treatment for COVID-19 was administration of antibiotics (25.9%) followed by antivirals (17.3%). Cesarean section was the mode of delivery for half of the women (50.0%), although no information was available for 28.8% of the cases. Regarding obstetrical and neonatal outcomes, fetal distress (13.5%), pre-labor rupture of membranes (9.6%), prematurity (8.7%), fetal death (4.8%), and abortion (2.9%) were reported. There are no positive results of neonatal infection by RT-PCR. (5) Conclusions: Although we have found that pregnancy with COVID-19 has significantly higher maternal mortality ratio compared to that of pregnancy without the disease, the evidence is too weak to state that COVID-19 results in poorer maternal outcome due to multiple factors. The number of COVID-19 pregnancy outcomes was not large enough to draw a conclusion and long-term outcomes are yet to be determined as the pandemic is still unfolding. Active and intensive follow-up is needed in order to provide robust data for future studies.
Highlights
In December 2019, outbreaks of respiratory disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were reported in China
(3) Methods: PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Google scholar, and Embase were explored for studies and papers regarding pregnant women with COVID-19, including obstetrical, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes and complications published from 1 January 2020 to 4 May 2020
There are no positive results of neonatal infection by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR). (5) Conclusions: we have found that pregnancy with COVID-19 has significantly higher maternal mortality ratio compared to that of pregnancy without the disease, the evidence is too weak to state that COVID-19 results in poorer maternal outcome due to multiple factors
Summary
In December 2019, outbreaks of respiratory disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were reported in China. Maternal physiological changes during pregnancy predispose pregnant women to infectious disease. During the later stages of pregnancy, the activity of cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells are reduced, increasing the pregnant woman’s vulnerability to severe infection [6]. Viral pneumonia is the most common non-obstetric infection in pregnancy [7] and has been historically associated with increased morbidity and mortality in pregnant women [6,8]. Viral pneumonia is typically more severe and less responsive to treatment compared to bacterial pneumonia among pregnant women [7]. The developing fetus is highly susceptible to infection, hypoxia, and aberrantly increased maternal cytokines or complement activation associated with infection [12,13]. Pneumonia during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight, preterm birth, cesarean section, preeclampsia/eclampsia, and Apgar scores
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