Abstract
Globally, an estimated 1·2 million cases of tuberculosis disease each year occur in children younger than 15 years, and around 67 million children have tuberculosis infection, putting them at the risk of developing tuberculosis disease.1 Tuberculosis in childhood was historically neglected in surveillance efforts, with national tuberculosis programmes focusing primarily on cases of microscopically smear-positive tuberculosis, which is more common among older adolescents or adults. The diagnosis of tuberculosis in children is made challenging by low suspicion among health-care providers, reliance on sputum microscopy, which has very low sensitivity (ranging from 1–14%), children's difficulty in producing sputum, or disease with low bacillary load.
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