CoTe nanorods based electrochemical sensor for quantitative detection of albumin from chronic kidney disease patients

Abstract

• Highly selective electrochemical sensing of albumin by CoTe nanorods. • LOD and LOQ of CoTe-GCE for albumin is 0.09 nM and 0.003 nM, respectively. • Stability of CoTe-GCE upto 100 cycles of cyclic voltammetry. • CoTe-GCE quantifies albumin from urine samples of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. • Statistical modelling of urine albumin reveals positive relation with ACR and negative with urine creatinine. Electrochemical sensing monitors the levels of biomolecules and is specific, rapid, low cost, and automated. An electrical stimulus given to biological system helps in detecting electrical response through oxidation–reduction peaks in a cyclic voltammogram (CV). Herein, an electrochemical sensor based on CoTe nanorods is developed for albumin sensing. Sensing parameters such as scan rate, pH, concentration, and effect of interferences are optimized. Linearity, detection and quantification limits for CoTe modified glassy carbon electrode (CoTe-GCE) are 0.961 nM, 0.09 nM and 0.003 nM respectively. The stability of designed sensor is measured by running 100 cycles of CV. CoTe-GCE quantifies albumin from urine samples of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Normal distribution of data (albumin, albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), and creatinine) is found out by Shapiro-Wilk test. The correlation of urine albumin by Pearson’s correlation analysis reveals positive relation with ACR (P = 0.000, r = 0.043*) and negative with urine creatinine (p = 0.003, r = -0.141*). Using CoTe-GCE electrochemical sensor, albumin and creatinine levels in urine can be used as prognostic factors in CKD patients before disease progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).