COST-EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT BLOCKCHAIN FRAMEWORK FOR VERIFYING CERTIFICATE IN YEMENI UNIVERSITIES

Block chain technology provides a decentralized and secure platform for executing transactions. Smart contracts in Ethereum have been proposed as the mechanism to automate legal contracts securely without the involvement of third parties. Yet, there are still several issues to be resolved especially regarding the updating of smart contracts in blockchain as well as the use of blockchain as part of a legal smart contracts system. In this work we propose a methodology and an architecture for building and deploying legal contracts in the blockchain. As the blockchain is immutable, we cannot update the code of the smart legal contracts, but in real life applications updating of contracts is a requirement that cannot be ignored. In this paper we address the problem of contract update by introducing a new versioning system that keeps track of the changes and links the different versions using a linked list. Moreover, we propose a system architecture where the user interface, the application logic and the blockchain are smoothly integrated in a manner that each part of the system contributes for producing a flexible and transparent execution. We show the applicability of our approach by implementing a system for the case of a rental agreement.

Physical documents have many challenges, due to being difficult to exchange and the potential of being lost and sabotaged. Digital documents seem to address some of these challenges, but because of the use of the Internet and reliance on third parties to share and preserve such documents, the privacy and integrity of the digital documents became difficult to maintain. The blockchain technology that Satoshi Nakamoto has proposed for financial transactions can be used to solve the problems of trust in centralized systems and the subversion and alteration thatthese transactions may be exposed to. Blockchain-based systems have shown their effectiveness and ability to solve most security problems related to exchanging systems' transactions. Hence,A decentralized system for exchanging digital documents, using Ethereum blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), has been proposed to overcome the problems of using trusted third-parties in exchanging digital documents. The proposed system provides immutable and irreversible logs of the process of sending and receiving documents. In this framework, all registered users can encrypt the documents using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm, send, and receive documents using the Ethereum Blockchain's smart contract. The framework was simulated locally using Ganache Blockchain and tested on the official Ethereum test network Ropsten, and the experimental results showed the feasibility of the proposed scheme. The smart contract used in the Ethereum blockchain was written in the Solidity programming language, and the website that was needed to interact with the blockchain was built using React and other different javascript libraries like web3. Additionally, Metamask wallet was used to create the Ethereum accounts which are required to connect and communicate with the Smart Contract that is implemented in the Ethereum blockchain. Finally, the model's results indicated that the model may cost an average of 0.0552$ per transaction, and this shows that the system is affordable. Also, the model has satisfied the three main security requirements which are confidentiality, integrity, and availability by using the suitable countermeasure for each one of them.

— With the advent of renewable energies use of smart meters has become an indispensable need in today’s day and age. The use of smart meters in the modern age brings its own set of security issues which need to be dealt with carefully. The current communication methods used in smart meters are insecure and can expose sensitive customer data to third parties. The possible attacks include tampering with customer data for payment fraud, and remotely controlling smart meters to cause blackouts. The work of this paper aims to mitigate the aforementioned problems by utilizing the enormous potential of Blockchain technology. The use of smart contract in Block chain very efficiently ensures a trust based system between the customers and the power utilities. In addition to this, the peer to peer nature of Block chain also helps in saving huge amounts of money by cutting the role of the middlemen. Keywords— Blockchain, Smart meters, Smart contracts, Hashing, Ethereum network, Gas fee, Solidity Cite this Article Prabhjot Singh Panesar, Kusum Tharani, Rishabh Thaney. Securing Smart Meters Using Blockchain. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research & Advances. 2019; 6(2): 45–51p.

Because of its unique decentralization, encryption, reliability, and tamper‐proof, the block chain system makes smart contracts break through the shackles of the lack of trusted environment, and its application field keeps expanding. We read the source code and official documents of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Hyperledger to explore the operation principle and implementation mode of smart contract. By analyzing the evolution process of smart contracts in blockchain and the sequence of its function expansion, according to the multirole business process of supply chain, we design a semipublic smart contract chain model based on Ethereum and Hyperledger in order to provide useful inspiration and help for the future research of smart contracts in blockchain applied in supply chain.

Bridging the gap: Predictive contracts in blockchain-achieving recalibration for industrial networks

Subject of Research. The paper considers the process of generating reports in electronic learning systems. The aim is to optimize learning process management in generating reports using blockchain technologies. The paper analyzes existing learning management systems and their tools for generating and analyzing reports. Blockchain technology is reviewed in terms of educational opportunities. Method. The process of generating reports in the learning management system is presented as a mathematical model. It has been proven that the use of blockchain technology simplifies this process, since blockchain tools automatically register network events. A model for generating reports in the learning system using blockchain transactions has been developed. The model is implemented in a test version of the Ethereum blockchain using the smart contract mechanism. A smart contract records heterogeneous data of learning events to the blockchain without using special data structures. The blockchain stores data in a unified registry and registers event timestamp and event author’s address by itself. Event data is available through the geth console oriented for the Ethereum blockchain. Main Results. A method of learning process documenting using blockchain technology has been developed. The method does not require any special data model for storing learning events data, as well as special mechanism for recording event timestamp and event author’s address. Practical Relevance. Research results show that blockchain application provides for optimization of the learning process management.

Nowadays, blockchain technology and industry has developed rapidly all over the world, which is inseparable from continuous innovation and improvement on smart contract technology. Therefore, by summarizing the working principle and application research status of blockchain smart contract, this paper analyzes the development and challenges of smart contract. Firstly, we introduce the model and operation principle of blockchain smart contract for the overall architecture, analyze the deployment process of smart contract with Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric and EOSIO, and make a comparative analysis from the technical level. And taking Byteball, InterValue and IOTA platforms as examples, we introduce the deployment process and application potential for DAG-based blockchain smart contract. Additionally, we also summarize the application research of smart contract for international and Blockchain Oracle, and discuss its innovative application and development trend in the future. Secondly, we introduce the application status of smart contract with Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric platforms from the aspects of financial transactions, Internet of things, medical applications, and supply chain, and further discuss EOS (enterprise operation system), Blockchain Oracle and other application fields. Furthermore, we introduce the application advantages and challenges to smart contract for industrial Internet from the fields of manufacturing, food industry, industrial Internet of things and industry 4.0. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by smart contract with technical issues, analyzes the impact on large-scale applications and mining system on the sustainable development of smart contract, and looks forward to the future research direction of blockchain smart contract.

Possible scenarios for using blockchain technology in the field of education are considered. Methods and technologies of tokenization of assets, related to the educational process, are investigated. It is concluded, that the blockchain technology is decentralized and transparent with a high degree of reliability, which ensures the equality of all users of the chain's services. The transparency of the technology guarantees the participants in the process against abuse and forgery of documents. The study of the features of smart contracts made it possible to form the advantages of smart contracts in the field of education. This is, first of all, the conclusion of agreements without the participation of third parties, as well as the security and confidentiality of agreements. This ensures that the terms and subject of the agreement are kept secret, and that no one else can amend the agreement. At the same time, storing the contract in encrypted form ensures its confidentiality. A decrease in the cost of operations was noted. Tokenization of educational assets is considered on the example of preparing and defending a thesis with the subsequent registration of a diploma. The processes of passing the thesis in the context of using blockchain technology and issuing smart contracts are considered in detail. The advantages of using blockchain technology and smart contracts are illustrated with specific examples. A study of the means and mechanisms for ensuring the confirmation of the authenticity of educational documents, the confidentiality of students' personal cards, and student identification has been carried out. To create a decentralized distributed ledger for tokenization of educational assets, it is proposed to use blockchain technology and smart contracts based on the Ethereum platform

This paper summarizes about the proposed system used for crowdfunding using blockchain. Crowdfunding with blockchain securely provides crypto-denominated assets for emergency cases with the use of Blockchain Tech. Overcrowding in emergency rooms (ED) has a negative impact on patients' health, accessibility, and high cost of care in community healthcare systems. The goal is to assist users in quickly and safely digitizing the crowdfunding process and organizing the security threat posed by frauds. Smooth transactions are made possible by Ethereum Blockchain's safe encryption of cryptocurrencies utilised for crowdfunding. Through a huge number of little donations, Project Crypto-bute assists in achieving the objective. Additionally, it streamlines and simplifies the process of asking for money. Distributed funding techniques make it possible to raise money rapidly and without incurring debt. The answer described above is the main tenet that will guide you in curating all of the needs. In particular during times of medical emergency, obtaining medical financing ought to be hassle-free, to quickly provide distributed funds. The costs of all necessary medical procedures and critical medical issues can be financed here. If your medical insurance policies do not cover the costs of all necessary medical conditions and treatments, you can obtain financing here. The aim is to reduce the competitive interest rates, low credit scores, and payback plans with the proposed crowdfunding effort. Blockchain technology is used in this case to quickly raise funds, promoting stress-free medical procedures.

Tracking and tracing in manufacturing supply chains using blockchain technology

Blockchain technology as a means of sustainable development

Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology (BCT) are considered two of the most trending and disruptive technologies. BCT, although commonly associated with cryptocurrencies, has shown a tremendous impact among many other distributed applications domains. BCT characteristics, such as the distribution of data storage among independent nodes and the use of consensus algorithms offer immutability and transparency and remove the need for a central authority making BCT trustworthy. However, decision-makers and stakeholders currently lack the confidence to overcome uncertainty related to AI technology, which affects the acceptance of AI technology in wider application domains, such as the recruitment process. Furthermore, current research literature does not adequately investigate the role of trust as an integral part of an AI-based recruitment application. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate how emerging BCT and AI technologies can improve decision making and stakeholder trust in a job recruitment system that is traditionally focused on just human expert decision-making. In this paper we propose the design of a new solution for trusting AI in recruitment applications through the use of Blockchain Smart Contracts (TAIRA-BSC). TAIRA-BSC integrates Blockchain Smart Contracts (BSC) with the Data Lake (DL), Machine Learning (ML) and AI technologies in our AI Recruitment Model (AIRM) architecture. TAIRA-BSC improves transparency and interoperability in the recruitment process while protecting sensitive job candidate data and ensures data integrity delivery and traceability in the recruiting process through a verifiable decentralized ledger, i.e., the blockchain and associated smart contracts. The paper presents a discussion on the state-of-the-art of integrating AI with BCT focusing on how BCT can be used to bridge trust concerns with AI systems. We also present a conceptual architecture TAIRA-BSC proof of concept that is developed to serve as a foundation for future studies focused on enhancing trust in AI applications through the integration of BCT.

Blockchain technology back in 2009 was mainly used for finance use cases due to the cryptocurrency support of the Bitcoin and the Ethereum networks. Nowadays with the emergence of business oriented distributed ledger frameworks we can find blockchain (BC) in almost every aspect of our everyday real-life transactions. Starting with supply chain, BC has been used to support and secure education, e-government, real estate, insurance, healthcare and other business cases. Regarding blockchain in supply chain, examples as the Walmart and IBM partnership shows that smart contracts (SC) and cryptocurrencies can disrupt the way suppliers, shippers, retailers and customers trust each other and interact. This paper describes how we applied BC technology in two real-life supply chain scenarios. The first one is for logging and tracing products, showing how we can use SCs to identify the ingredients of food products and how to uniquely identify the food product throughout its shipment from the factory to the customer who purchase it. Important aspects of this route is the transparency of the process as well as the verification of transport. The second one deals with how authentication works for users holding BC identities. The identity of a user is important in order to secure the network, allowing only permissioned parties to access it and perform actions on the data. As long as the network is private and immutable, authenticating and authorizing users is crucial for enforcing the end-to-end security to increase users' trust and protect the confidentiality of data. While exploring these two scenarios we define the actors, the transactions these actors can perform on the systems and we propose the SCs that have to be implemented for these use cases to take advantage of BC's unique characteristics, as immutability and non-repudiation. In addition, we provide sample template SCs for both scenarios.

In this paper, we present a secure Peer-to-Peer (P2P) trading system for residential houses that aims to maximize energy sharing and improve the operational effectiveness of utility vendors (UVs) in the Smart Grid (SG) environment. Here, we propose PRS-P2P scheme, i.e., a Prosumer Recommender System (PRS) for P2P Energy Trading (ET) using reinforcement learning and blockchain towards 6G. A reinforcement learning-based (Q-learning) algorithm is proposed to improve the decision-making process of the buyer (i.e., consumer) for the seller (i.e., prosumers, who can generate and consume energy) selection from multiple seller participants in a model-free way. During P2P-ET, data flow among different devices, which raises concern for several issues such as security, latency, and others. So, the proposed PRS-P2P scheme uses ethereum blockchain and 6G network, where the buyer sends a request for P2P-ET to the selected seller and trade executed securely using Smart Contract (SC) based on the ethereum blockchain. Then, it employs InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for energy data management at low cost and performs real-time settlement of trade with low latency. To justify the efficacy of the proposed PRS-P2P scheme, experimental results are compared to the existing approaches concerning different metrics like timesteps for rewards, penalties, and low communication latency.

The Internet of Things (IOT) is integrated with supply chain management process to track the product. To track the product smart tags is used. The smart tags like QR code and NFC is used. But with the technology enhancement the block chain is introduced into the supply chain management process. The block chain is the great revolution that data in the centralized form is transformed in to a decentralized manner. The distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is one of the method used in ethereum block chain. The main advantage of using DLT is, it offers decentralized, privacy-preserving and verifiable process in the smart tags. In existing system only single server was used to maintain all the process like supplier, manufacturer and distributor. In this application we are using different server which was more secure than existing system. The proposed solution in this paper is it checks the product evidence during the entire lifecycle of the product by using the smart contract. The data can be immutable by using smart contract with ethereum block chain. The duplication is manipulated by the block chainserver.