Abstract
In the dense core of LOFAR individual air showers are detected by hundreds of dipole antennas simultaneously. We reconstruct X max by using a hybrid technique that combines a two-dimensional fit of the radio profile to CoREAS simulations and a one-dimensional fit of the particle density distribution. For high-quality detections, the statistical uncertainty on X max is smaller than 20 g/cm 2 . We present results of cosmic-ray mass analysis in the energy regime of 10 17 - 10 17.5 eV. This range is of particular interest as it may harbor the transition from a Galactic to an extragalactic origin of cosmic rays.
Highlights
Radio detection of extended air showers is a powerful and rapidly developing technique [1] that is suitable for measuring the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum Xmax [2, 3]
In the dense core of LOFAR individual air showers are detected by hundreds of dipole antennas simultaneously
We present results of cosmic-ray mass analysis in the energy regime of 1017 - 1017.5 eV. This range is of particular interest as it may harbor the transition from a Galactic to an extragalactic origin of cosmic rays
Summary
Radio detection of extended air showers is a powerful and rapidly developing technique [1] that is suitable for measuring the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum Xmax [2, 3]. Arrays with a high density of radio antennas, like LOFAR [4] and the future SKA [5], are capable of accurately measuring the mass composition of cosmic rays below the ankle, where a transition of a Galactic to an extragalactic component is expected to occur [6, 7]. LOFAR is a digital radio telescope constructed in the North of the Netherlands with satellite stations across Europe. It consists of thousands of dipole antennas, sensitive in the frequency range of 10−240 MHz. It consists of thousands of dipole antennas, sensitive in the frequency range of 10−240 MHz It produces extremely detailed air shower radio data, by using the dense core region, or superterp, where 384 antennas are located within a circle of 320 m diameter. The full waveform is stored for offline analysis [9]
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