CORRUPTION IN LAND ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA: LEGAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Land Administration in Nigeria dates back to pre-colonialism Nigeria. Before the advent of colonialism, customary land laws applies in different parts of the country especially southern Nigeria while Islamic law applies in most parts of Northern Nigeria. After the advent of colonialism, several ordinances and proclamations were passed by the colonial administration on land administration. This paper aims to identify key laws and stakeholders in land administration with intent to suggest improvement on land administration in Nigeria. Several laws govern land administration in post independence Nigeria. The Land Use Act 1978 is one of the extent laws on land administration in Nigeria. The court, the Bar and the Executive are key stakeholders in land administration in Nigeria. Use of modern technology, training of staff and staff welfare are some important suggestions for better land administration in Nigeria. Doctrinal methodology was adopted in this paper due to its nature and objectives.

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the basic conceptual provisions for determining the territorial development of regional land use. In accordance with the purpose, the following tasks have been solved: substantiation of theoretical provisions for determining the territorial development of regional land use; determination of features of territorial development of regional land use; formation of hypotheses on the influence of spatial, urban, investment and environmental factors. Peculiarities of territorial development of regional land use are determined. Legal support is proposed. The international practices for ensuring the territorial development of regional land use are summarized, the main directions of which are: the formation and development of land relations on a long-term basis, the determination of the target and functional purpose of lands, the constant registration of cadastral information with the formation of an ecological balance of the land use and considering the peculiarities of interaction between groups of stakeholders. The system of land administration, where its functions (land ownership, valuation, use, development of land) are comprehensively implemented and interact, in the territorial development of regional land use is of particular importance. The geographic information systems are widely used as a tool for the formation, processing and application of information on the territorial development of the regional land use in modern land administration systems. The mathematical modelling of the influence of factors on the territorial development of regional land use has been carried out.

Substantiation of theoretical approaches to the territorial development of regional land use is a relevant scientific task. The article substantiates the theoretical approaches to determining the territorial development of land use in regions, including functional, objective-oriented, stakeholder, ecological, urban planning, investment, spatial, and systemic. The systemic approach comprises a set of spatial, urban planning, environmental, investment, and other factors, the interaction of which occurs through stakeholders using modern geospatial support for the territorial development of land use at the regional level. As a result of the analysis of the existing theoretical and methodological provisions, the authors propose a definition of the territorial development of land use of the regions, characterised as a set of spatial, urban planning, investment, and environmental factors, the interaction of which leads to the achievement of a qualitatively new state of land relations compared to the past, taking into account social, institutional, and management features and the level of interaction of stakeholders operating in the field of regional land use. The proposed definition of the territorial development of land use is considered a systemic category, characterised by a set of factors, methods, and models, the application and interaction of which allows forming of a better state compared to the past at the regional level. In this process, the use of modern tools of geoinformation systems and the formation of geospatial support for the territorial development of land use for making informed management decisions are of particular importance. The study determines the need to build a quantitative basis for characterising and forecasting changes in the land use system at the regional level. Following the provisions of the integral approach, the study suggests applying an integral method for assessing the level of territorial development of land use at the regional level. The application of this method allows obtaining a generalised quantitative basis for making informed decisions on ensuring territorial development of land use at the regional level. The study found that the territorial development level is low in every Ukrainian region, with Donetsk and Luhansk regions having the lowest territorial development rates, mainly due to the consequences of Russian military aggression. Keywords: territorial development, land use, regional level, theoretical approaches, systemic approach.

To solve urgent problematic issues regarding land use, it is proposed to apply methods and models of mathematical modeling and forecasting and development of scenarios to ensure territorial development of land use of region. The purpose of the study has been achieved to develop scenarios to ensure territorial development of land use of regions. The tasks of the study are: determining the quantitative basis for the development of scenarios to ensure territorial development of land use at the regional level; Characteristics of typological features of scenarios to ensure territorial development of land use. As a result of the study, the definition of territorial development of land use of regions as a systemic category based on a theoretical and methodological platform, which includes regional and territorial aspects, features of land use, a set of functional, spatial, urban planning, environmental, environmental, investment-innovation, security, social, social, social, social, social, social and social. stakeholder factors whose interaction leads to an increase in the efficiency of land use and the formation of a qualitatively new environment from The use of a monitoring geoinformation system. As a result of the study, it is determined that in most regions in the predicted period there is a development of events under the script 2, where the functional directions of land use are developed and implemented at the low level, spatial, urban planning, environmental, investment-innovative, security, social, social, social plan The trends of growth of the main indicators, there are no possibilities for the use of modern equipment in the field land use. The significant impact of the consequences of Russian aggression and unbalance of regional relationships and asymmetric processes are determined. In order to change the formation of a negative scenario in the forecast period, it is necessary not only to significantly change the tendencies of changes in functional, spatial, urban planning, environmental, investment-innovative, security, social, stakeholder factors, but also actively use modern technologies of geoinformation systems, formation, construction of organizational and spatial mechanism for ensuring the territorial development of land use on regional level. As a result of the systematization of theoretical and methodological approaches, a conceptual apparatus was proposed to determine the territorial development of land use of regions, which is based on a set mathematical tools, modern geoinformation systems tools that allowed to build a quantitative basis for making sound decisions regarding the provision of territorial development of land use at the regional level. The processes of modeling directions of providing territorial development of land use, which are implemented through the use of modern technologies of script approach, developed organizational and spatial mechanism, geoinformation systems, which allowed to propose monitoring procedures to prevent negative phenomena were further developed.

Abstract: It is determined that the formation of a modern system of land relations is aimed at improving the efficiency of land use to ensure territorial development at the regional level. Of particular importance is the formation of a quantitative basis for ensuring the territorial development of regional land use on the basis of an assessment for making informed decisions and developing proposals to improve the efficiency of land use. The goal of forming directions for assessing investment, innovation and security factors of land use in the system of territorial development of regions was achieved. The following tasks were solved: allocation of investment, innovation and security factors of land use; development of directions for assessing investment, innovation and security factors of land use in the system of territorial development of regions. As a result of the study, based on the systematisation of theoretical and methodological provisions and regulatory and legal support, local investment, innovation and security factors of territorial development of land use in the regions are allocated. The directions of assessment of local and generalised investment, innovation and security indicators are proposed. The methods of assessment are defined and generalising models are proposed. The presented measures allowed to form a quantitative basis for making informed decisions in the system of ensuring the territorial development of land use in the regions. Keywords: territorial development of land use, regional land valuation, investment and innovation indicators, security indicators, expert methods, analytical methods, valuation models.

The cases of corruption in Nigeria have increased considerably since the oil boom in 1973. The World Bank, for example, reported in 2007 that, ‘corruption is endemic in Nigeria and the bane of the country’s socio-economic development’. The Transparency International (TI) Corruption Perception Index (CPI) also ranked Nigeria in 2010 as 134 out of 178 most corrupt countries in the world. The consensus is that corruption remains one of the most urgent and persistent challenges to Nigeria’s socio-political stability with grave consequences on the sustainable development of minorities in Nigeria. The federal government rose to this challenge and established the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices and related offences Commission (ICPC) to fight and conquer it, but these has not significantly addressed the situation. This paper therefore, sets out to examine the nature, determinants, manifestations and beneficiaries (collaborators / perpetrators) of petro-economy corruption, as well as measure its impacts on the national economy, governance and society. This is expected to produce new knowledge for multiple constituencies for sustainable development in Nigeria to formulate pro-active public policies. Against this background, the paper adopts the Marxist political economy theory on ‘primitive accumulation of wealth’ to explain why Nigerians indulge in petro-economy and related corrupt practices to the detriment of minority rights and applies secondary method of data collection. The study finds that there is a strong linkage between economic factors and corruption. Hence, the paper recommends measure, particularly the establishment of special courts to stamp out petro-economy corruption in Nigeria Keywords: corruption, criminal-prosecution, “Dutch disease”, excess-crude-oil” mismanagement, oil-bunkering.

It is proven that the formation of a modern land use system, permanent transformation processes, require rethinking approaches to the organization of territorial development of land use at the regional level. In recent years, there has been a slowdown in the territorial development of regions, a decrease in the efficiency of land use. This is due to regional asymmetries, the negative impact of internal land use factors, a decrease in the efficiency of stakeholder interaction. In this context, the consequences of the Russian Federation's aggression are of particular importance, which require the involvement of significant financial resources to rebuild the land and property complex at the regional level. The goal of the study was achieved to determine the organizational aspects of ensuring the territorial development of land use in the regions. The achievement of the set goal is carried out on the basis of solving the following tasks: building a multi-level system of indicators for assessing the level of ensuring the territorial development of land use in regions; identifying stakeholder factors that influence the provision of the territorial development of land use; assessing stakeholder factors of the territorial development of land use in regions; developing organizational measures to ensure the territorial development of land use. A quantitative basis has been formed that allows us to identify organizational aspects for ensuring territorial development of land use in regions, taking into account the directions and features of stakeholder interaction. In modern conditions, it is proposed to build an organizational security structure in the land use system to ensure territorial development of land use. The organization of territorial development at the regional level is determined by the need for stakeholder interaction, which is aimed at managing land relations, focused on the use of tools to increase the investment attractiveness of lands.

This article aims to reviews corruption in Nigeria, the plea bargain concept, the application of plea bargain in the war against corruption in Nigeria and concludes with recommendations. Corruption in Nigeria has become endemic. There is consistent desecration of societal values with serious economic and socio-political consequences. The Nigerian government over the years has put in place several measures to combat the menace called corruption. A number of anti-corruption agencies including Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Independent Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Commission (ICPC), among others have been established in order to achieve this aim. In order to address the criticism and contentions associated with the concept under the EFCC Act, the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) was enacted in 2015. ACJA makes elaborate provision for plea bargain so as to enhance quicker dispensation of justice and help in prison decongestion. This paper begins with brief description on anti corruption scheme established in Nigeria and endeavors to assess the strength of Nigeria’s effort in plea bargain in the war against corruption, effective implementation, and compliance

This article aims to reviews corruption in Nigeria, the plea bargain concept, the application of plea bargain in the war against corruption in Nigeria and concludes with recommendations. Corruption in Nigeria has become endemic. There is consistent desecration of societal values with serious economic and socio-political consequences. The Nigerian government over the years has put in place several measures to combat the menace called corruption. A number of anti-corruption agencies including Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Independent Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Commission (ICPC), among others have been established in order to achieve this aim. In order to address the criticism and contentions associated with the concept under the EFCC Act, the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) was enacted in 2015. ACJA makes elaborate provision for plea bargain so as to enhance quicker dispensation of justice and help in prison decongestion. This paper begins with brief description on anti corruption scheme established in Nigeria and endeavors to assess the strength of Nigeria’s effort in plea bargain in the war against corruption, effective implementation, and compliance

It is established that the territorial development of land use is a complex process, which is determined by the system of factors, the interaction of which leads to the creation of qualitatively new conditions that ensure the formation of qualitatively new conditions in the field of land relations. It is determined that the urgent issue is the separation of factors for ensuring the territorial development of land use of regions. The goal has been achieved in relation to the factors of ensuring the territorial development of land use of regions. Tasks are solved: determining the directions of separation of factors for ensuring territorial development of land use of regions; Characteristics of theoretical provisions and regulatory support for the separation of factors of territorial development. As a result of the study, the directions of separation of factors for ensuring territorial development of land use of regions are identified. They are related to the normative-legal and theoretical support of territorial development, characteristics of the category "development", territorial and regional aspects and peculiarities of land use. The factors of providing territorial development of land use of regions are highlighted: functional, spatial, urban planning, environmental, investment-innovative, social, security, stakeholder. Defined factors allow you to build a multi -level system of indicators and evaluate the level of providing territorial development of land use at the regional level. Of particular importance is the formation of a quantitative basis for making informed decisions on land use. A multi-level system of indicators of the level of ensuring territorial development of land use in regions is proposed, which consists of level 1 - integral, 2 - systemic and 3 - local, which are determined by a set of indicators. The presented system allows you to determine local analytical and expert indicators, systemic and integral criteria and provides opportunities to develop a comprehensive approach to assessing the level of ensuring territorial development of land use in regions and create a quantitative basis for predicting changes in indicators and developing scientifically based recommendations.

PurposeTo examine the adequacy or otherwise of the existing legal and institutional mechanisms for combating corruption in Nigeria and suggest useful strategies for achieving this.Design/methodology/approachThe pre‐existing statutory enactments, the Criminal and Penal Codes governing corruption in Nigeria were examined to assess their effectiveness in dealing with the crime of corruption. In addition, the two main enactments under the present civilian administration dealing with corruption, namely, the Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Act, 2000 and the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act, 2004 were also X‐rayed.FindingsIt was found that the earlier statutory enactments have proved ineffective in combating corruption in contemporary Nigeria, hence the enactment of the Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Act, 2000 and the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act, 2004, with the objective of dealing with various aspects of corruption.Practical implicationsThe implication of this finding is that to be effective, legislative measures to tackle corruption must take cognizance of the multifarious nature of the menace coupled with the requisite political will to enforce the provisions of such statutory enactments.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates the great benefit of the use of additional legislative measures in tackling corruption in Nigeria. It suggests the strengthening of these mechanisms and a re‐orientation of social values as the best strategy for dealing with the corruption virus in the country.

The relevance and timeliness of ensuring the territorial development of land use at the regional level is deter-mined. The aim of the study is to develop conceptual provisions and a methodological approach to determining and assessing the territorial development of land use in regions. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: identification of problems in the system for ensuring the territorial development of land use in the regions; the formation of conceptual provisions for determining the territorial development of regional lands; development of a methodological approach to assessing the level of territorial development of land use. The problematic aspects are identified and a definition of the concept of «territorial development of land use in the region» is proposed. The directions of the development and implementation of a methodological approach to assessing the territorial development of land use in the regions are described. As a result of the study, an integral indicator of the territorial development of land use in the region was determined, the value of which indicates the need to change its trends by taking measures and developing scientifically sound recommendations for ensuring the territorial development of land use for the transition from a moderate scenario to a growth scenario. Keywords: land use, territorial development of regions, conceptual provisions, methodological approach, as-sessment.

The relevance of the research topic is proven. The goal has been achieved regarding the formation of theoretical approaches to the definition and assessment of the territorial development of land use in the regions. Solved tasks: systematization of theoretical provisions regarding the determination of territorial development of land use in regions; substantiation of directions for assessment of territorial development of land use in regions. As a result of the study, theoretical approaches to determining the territorial development of land use in the regions were identified and substantiated: functional; factorial; normative and legal; stakeholder; institutional; effective. A systematic approach is substantiated, which consists in the fact that the territorial development of land use of regions is defined as a systemic category, which is ensured through the interaction of factors, stakeholders, institutions to achieve the effectiveness of land use and the formation of a qualitatively new environment for the development of territories. The categorical apparatus for determining the territorial development of land use in regions, which is based on a theoretical and methodological platform that includes regional and territorial aspects, system characteristics, features of land use, a set of spatial, urban planning, environmental, investment and innovation, security, social, stakeholder factors, has been improved , which makes it possible to form directions for increasing the efficiency of land use and a qualitatively new environment with the use of a monitoring geo-information system. Proposed directions for assessing the level of provision of territorial development of land use in regions, which allow forming a quantitative basis for forecasting changes in relevant factors and integral indicators and developing scientifically based recommendations

75% or the “people to land relationships” worldwide are not documented. This concerns about 4.5 billion cases. With a growing population this situation results in land disputes, land grabbing and neglecting of rights of local people. Land Administration provides documentation on people to land relationships. Land Administration is an instrument for implementation of Land Policies - part of governmental policy on environmental sustainability, economic development, disaster management, social justice and equity and political stability. Land Administration is in support to legal security (protection of land rights), access to credit (collateral for mortgage or micro credit), spatial planning, land tax and resource management (mining, forestry, and nature). Many countries have an incomplete, not up to date and therefore non-reliable land administration. Standards are needed in Land Administration, both for initial data acquisition and for data maintenance. Experience learns that it is not an easy task to design and set up a land administration. In many countries modelling expertise to set up Land Administration Systems is lacking. It should be noted that those systems contain high volumes of data. In this thesis a common standard for the land administration domain is designed and proposed for implementation. Such a standard is in support to development of software applications and this will accelerate the development and implementation of proper land administration in support to sustainable development. The International Standard is expected to be published as ISO standard in August 2012, a breakthrough in the development of this type of systems. There is already recognition and support by FAO, UN HABITAT and several countries.

The necessity of applying methods and models of mathematical modeling of factors affecting the functioning of complex systems of territorial development of land use in regions is determined. It has been proven that the mathematical modeling toolkit is an important element of forming a quantitative basis for the formation and use of factors of territorial development, creating conditions for characterizing their changes in the following investigated periods. The presented toolkit provides opportunities for the development of solutions to increase the efficiency of land use. The research achieved the goal of theoretical and methodological substantiation of mathematical modeling of factors that affect the functioning of complex systems of territorial development of land use in regions. The set tasks were solved: systematization of theoretical provisions regarding the determination of the territorial development of land use in the regions; determination of factors for ensuring the territorial development of land use in the regions; substantiation of directions for mathematical modeling of factors influencing the territorial development of land use in regions. As a result of the systematization of theoretical and methodological provisions, a definition of the territorial development of land use in regions is proposed, which is characterized as a set of spatial, urban planning, investment and environmental factors, the interaction of which leads to the achievement of a qualitatively new state of land relations compared to the past, taking into account social, institutional, management features and the level of interaction of stakeholders operating in the field of regional land use. To ensure territorial development, a mathematical modeling toolkit is used, the use of which allows you to form a quantitative basis for decision-making in the field of land relations. The necessity of applying a set of criteria for the adequacy of the developed mathematical models of the influence of spatial, urban planning, environmental and investment factors on the integral indicator of the level of provision of the territorial development of land use has been established.