Corrigendum to: "The Endocannabinoid System: Role in Ocular Physiology and Therapeutic Potential in Eye Diseases: A Narrative Review".

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a multicomponent signaling network that controls several physiological processes, including neurological, immune, cardiovascular, digestive, and ocular functions. The components of ECS (i.e., receptors, ligands, metabolizing enzymes, and carriers) are expressed in eye structures and neurological areas involved in the visual process. Experimental evidence supports ECS involvement in ocular pathophysiology. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that cannabinoids (CBs) lower intraocular pressure and exert vasoactive, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects in the retina and ocular surface. However, CBs elicit modest and transient effects while inducing tolerance, dependence, and adverse effects, which prevent their use in ophthalmic clinics. This review summarizes experimental and clinical data on the role of ECS in ocular pathophysiology. It also reports research on the therapeutic potential of CBs in common eye disorders. Lastly, it highlights promising alternative strategies for modulating ECS and improving ocular drug delivery to improve therapeutic efficiency in ophthalmic clinics.

Introduction: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) mediates the actions of cannabis and has been implicated in playing critical roles in key developmental events, including axon guidance. Although several recent studies have demonstrated ECS involvement in neurodevelopment, an emphasis on its putative role in axon guidance has not been reviewed comprehensively. Objective: The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate the interrelationships between the ECS and axon guidance. Methodology: This literature review analyzes existing literature demonstrating the normal role of endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling in axon guidance, with evidence from diverse animal models. Studies were obtained from a search strategy involving terms related to the ECS and axon guidance, and cross-checking cited literature to ensure a complete evaluation. Discussion: Cannabinoid receptors, as well as eCB synthesis and degradation machinery, appear necessary for normal axon guidance during neurodevelopment. Genetic and/or pharmacological disruption of eCB signaling results in axon growth and guidance errors, implying high sensitivity to exogenous cannabinoids. Conclusion: Overall, this review highlights the intricate connections between the ECS and axon guidance in normal neurodevelopment. The mechanistic evidence discussed suggests that alterations of the ECS through genetic and pharmacological interference disrupt its normal functioning and by extension its normal role in regulating neural circuitry formation. A comprehensive understanding of this topic will be valuable in potentially uncovering the mechanisms responsible for the neurodevelopmental defects associated with pre-natal cannabis use.

Within the last decade the role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been a significant part of ophthalmic research, including both ocular physiology and the development of eye pathologies. It is known that this widespread cell-signaling system is involved in retinal neurobiological processes, including visual signal processing, as well as neurotransmission. Furthermore, various research indicated the involvement of ECS in the molecular basis of various pathologies, mostly glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, the researchers believe that this biological system, its receptors, pathways, and ligands might be considered as an auxiliary compound to reduce the number of patients suffering from ophthalmic diseases. Despite presented in the literature effects of the endocannabinoid system in the eye, none of the current ECS reviews presented a comprehensive description of the endocannabinoid system, its compounds, and, subsequently ophthalmic disorders. Thus, the aim of this review was to summarize all the major data, including the most up-to-date research, concerning a correlation between the endocannabinoid system and the major ophthalmic pathologies.

BackgroundThe endocannabinoid (eCB) system, the primary target of cannabis, has gained significant attention as a potential novel therapeutic approach for treating a range of psychiatric disorders characterized by dysregulation of stress, emotion, and social behavior. The use of cannabis itself as a pharmacotherapeutic in children and adolescents is limited due to various constraints, including legal status, stigma, and real or perceived negative side effects. Thus, compounds that target the eCB system without the notable unwanted effects of cannabis may offer a more viable approach for developing populations.MethodsIn this narrative review, we provide an overview of the eCB system, summarizing its function throughout development and its potential contribution to psychopathology in children and adolescents. We highlight evidence of its behavioral role and the dysregulation of this system in various psychiatric disorders. Finally, we summarize current investigations into pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapeutic interventions designed to target the eCB system.ConclusionsThe eCB system may offer an innovative target for treatments of various psychiatric disorders in child and adolescent populations. However, more research is needed to understand the nuanced developmental trajectory of this system and to determine whether existing compounds are safe and effective for use in these populations.

This narrative review represents an output from the International Association for the Study of Pain's global task force on the use of cannabis, cannabinoids, and cannabis-based medicines for pain management, informed by our companion systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies in this area. Our aims in this review are (1) to describe the value of studying cannabinoids and endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system modulators in preclinical/animal models of pain; (2) to discuss both pain-related efficacy and additional pain-relevant effects (adverse and beneficial) of cannabinoids and endocannabinoid system modulators as they pertain to animal models of pathological or injury-related persistent pain; and (3) to identify important directions for future research. In service of these goals, this review (1) provides an overview of the endocannabinoid system and the pharmacology of cannabinoids and endocannabinoid system modulators, with specific relevance to animal models of pathological or injury-related persistent pain; (2) describes pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids in rodents and humans; and (3) highlights differences and discrepancies between preclinical and clinical studies in this area. Preclinical (rodent) models have advanced our understanding of the underlying sites and mechanisms of action of cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in suppressing nociceptive signaling and behaviors. We conclude that substantial evidence from animal models supports the contention that cannabinoids and endocannabinoid system modulators hold considerable promise for analgesic drug development, although the challenge of translating this knowledge into clinically useful medicines is not to be underestimated.

The aim was to investigate prevalence of dry eye syndrome (DES) in a population-based sample in Germany. The association between coexisting eye diseases and DES was also of interest. We recontacted participants of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study between 2018 and 2021 by postal questionnaire that included the Women’s Health Study questionnaire on DES. We estimated prevalence of DES and examined DES-associated factors among 2095 participants aged 62–91 years. We performed interaction analyses between sex and coexisting eye diseases in relation to the DES prevalence and performed bias analyses to examine the robustness of the results. The DES prevalence was 31.5% (34–36% after correction for potential non-response bias, 24.1% after correction for outcome misclassification) and it was almost 2.1-times higher in women than in men (women 42.3%, men 20.4%). Among DES subjects, 70.3% had received treatment in the previous 12 months. There was synergism between female sex and coexisting eye diseases (cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration) in terms of DES prevalence. The extrapolated numbers of patients aged 62–91 years with DES in Germany are 1.1–1.3 million men and 6.1–6.8 million women. The observed synergism may be explained by differences in ocular physiology, subjective perception and response behavior. Women with eye diseases (cataract, glaucoma, macula degeneration) appear to have a markedly higher susceptibility to suffer from DES than men, so that a diagnostic workup of DES symptoms is particularly justified in women with these eye diseases.

Traditionally,arsenic is thought to be a strong toxicant,especially arsenic trioxide (As2O3 ).As2O3 leads to the damage of ocular surface,such as cornea,conjunctiva etc.,and the evidence of its damage to retinal function also has been found.However,arsenic is a double-edged sword,because it possesses well- remedial effect on some eye diseases,including proliferative diabetic retinopathy,lens posterior capsular opaciffcation,keratopathy,meIanoma and bleb scarring.At present,there is still few research literature was seen about the active mechanism of arsenic agents on eye damage or therapeutic effect.Some relative studies are still in an experimental stage.This offers us the new research direction in clinical treatment of eye diseases.It is believed that arsenic will play an incalculable role on experiment and clinical treatment of eye diseases as further development and research of technology.The relationship between arsenic and eye disease is summed by consulting internal and external literature. Key words: Arsenic; Eye disease; Literature review

Background: Depression has been shown to be associated with eye diseases, including dry eye disease (DED), cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). This narrative review explores potential pathophysiological connections between depression and eye disease, as well as its potential correlations with ocular parameters. Methods: A literature search was conducted in August 2022 in PUBMED, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Published articles related to the subject were consolidated and classified according to respective eye diseases and pathophysiological mechanisms. Results: The literature reviewed suggests that common pathophysiological states like inflammation and neurodegeneration may contribute to both depression and certain eye diseases, while somatic symptoms and altered physiology, such as disruptions in circadian rhythm due to eye diseases, can also influence patients' mood states. Grounded in the shared embryological, anatomical, and physiological features between the eye and the brain, depression is also correlated to changes observed in non-invasive ophthalmological imaging modalities, such as changes in the retinal nerve fibre layer and retinal microvasculature. Conclusions: There is substantial evidence of a close association between depression and eye diseases. Understanding the underlying concepts can inform further research on treatment options and monitoring of depression based on ocular parameters.

BackgroundThe prevalence of obesity, a chronic disease, is increasing, and obesity is now considered a global epidemic. Eye diseases are also increasing worldwide and have serious repercussions on quality of life as well as increasingly high costs for the community. The relationships between obesity and ocular pathologies are not yet well clarified and are not pathologically homogeneous: they seem to be somehow linked to excess body fat, especially to the distribution of adipose tissue and its ectopic deposits.PurposeOur objective was to examine the associations between obesity and anthropometric indices, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the waist/hip ratio (WHR), and the risk of most widespread eye diseases, with particular attention given to the most significant metabolic mechanisms.MethodsThis article provides a narrative overview of the effect of obesity and anthropometric measurements of body fat on prevalent eye diseases. We used the MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases from 1984 to 2024. In addition, we hand-searched references from the retrieved articles and explored a number of related websites. A total of 153 publications were considered.ResultsThere is significant evidence that obesity is associated with several eye diseases. Waist circumference (WC) and the waist/hip ratio (WHR) have been observed to have stronger positive associations with eye diseases than BMI.ConclusionsObesity must be considered a significant risk factor for eye diseases; hence, a multidisciplinary and multidimensional approach to treating obesity, which also affects ocular health, is important. In the prevention and treatment of eye diseases related to obesity, lifestyle factors, especially diet and physical activity, as well as weight changes, both weight loss and weight gain, should not be overlooked.Level of evidenceLevel V narrative review.

Sperm proteostasis: Can-nabinoids be chaperone's partners?

Population-Based Studies in Ophthalmology

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) influences many biological functions, and hence, its pharmacological modulation may be useful for several disorders, such as migraine. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the ECS is involved in the modulation of trigeminal excitability. Additionally, clinical data have suggested that an endocannabinoid deficiency is associated with migraine. Given these data, phytocannabinoids, as well as synthetic cannabinoids, have been tried as migraine treatments. In this narrative review, the current clinical evidence of potential ECS involvement in migraine pathogenesis is summarized. Furthermore, studies exploring the clinical effects of phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids on migraine patients are reviewed.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a lipid-derived signaling network composed of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands, and metabolic enzymes. Through its widespread neuromodulatory functions, the ECS regulates dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and glutamatergic pathways that are critical for attention and behavioral control. Emerging evidence indicates that dysregulation of ECS components may contribute to the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review synthesizes current biochemical evidence on ECS involvement in ADHD pathophysiology, with a focus on receptor signaling, ligand levels, and enzyme activity. By evaluating emerging molecular targets and highlighting gaps in mechanistic knowledge, it aims to guide future studies toward novel therapeutic strategies. A total of 11 preclinical and 2 clinical studies evaluating ECS-related biochemical alterations in ADHD were included. Preclinical research demonstrates alterations in ECS components linked to hyperactivity and impaired cognitive regulation. Although clinical research in this area remains limited, preliminary results are promising, supporting ECS-targeted approaches as novel therapeutic strategies for ADHD. Overall, current evidence suggests that dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system contributes to ADHD pathophysiology. Clarifying ECS-related biochemical mechanisms in ADHD may identify novel molecular targets, while advancing translational efforts toward ECS-based therapeutic strategies.

Introduction: Considerable progress has been made, over the last years, in understanding the role of the endocannabinoid system (ES) in regard to its role in a variety of physiological processes including nociception (pain-sensation), appetite, lipid metabolism, gastrointestinal motility, cardiovascular modulation, motor activity, and memory. Furthermore, ES is strongly associated with human behavior and the skeletal ES is of major importance. ES is comprised of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) and proteins responsible for their metabolism.Areas covered: To summarize and present all the existing literature that associate CB receptors' polymorphisms with behavior and disease in different populations, as well as its possible therapeutic perspectives. A literature review presenting the most recent data in terms of ES and the latest knowledge regarding the involvement of genetic polymorphisms of cannabinoid receptors in a variety of human diseases and psychiatric and neurological disorders.Expert opinion: The ES is an emerging target for drug discovery, because it is involved in the regulation of many cellular and physiological functions. The modulation of the ES by selective agonists or antagonists may hold tremendous therapeutic potential in various conditions mentioned in this review. However, further information is still required before the ES is completely comprehended.

Purpose This study summarizes the management and therapeutic options for treating dry eye disease. Goals of this review is to identify appropriate therapeutic methods for the management of dry eye disease and recommend a sequence or strategy for their application, based on evidence‐based review of the literature. Methods To achieve this a comprehensive review of clinical textbooks and scientific literature was performed and the quality of published evidence graded according to an agreed standard, using objective criteria for clinical and basic research studies. Results There have been tremendous advances in the treatment of dry eye and ocular surface disease in the last decades related to the increase in knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of dry eye. This has led to a paradigm shift in dry eye management from simply lubricating and hydrating the ocular surface with artificial tears to strategies that stimulate natural production of tear constituents, maintain ocular surface epithelial barrier function, and inhibit the inflammatory factors that adversely impact the ability of ocular surface and glandular epithelia to produce tears. Conclusion The authors will present current and future treatment options for dry eye disease.