Corrigendum to “Do Musicians Have Better Short-Term Memory Than Nonmusicians? A Multilab Study”

Immediate and Delayed Recall of Visually Presented Sentences:

The aim of the research was to assess Relationship between short- term memory (STM) and gender of 18- 20 years. Short term memory is a storage capacity which is extremely small. Memory is very important because cognitive tasks can be completed only with sufficient ability to hold information as it is processed. It’s been observed that the females are considered to have greater short- term memory as compared to men. The ability to store information vary from person to person as STM can stores limited information. The capacity could range from 5 to 9 meaningful items in 18- 20 years. The research was conducted by collecting sample from college students age between 18- 20 years. The data type used in this experiment is interval type. The tools that were used were three lists of 10 meaningful words. Each list was presented to both female and male. This was found when both males and females were presented with 3 lists of meaningful words. The results reflected that females exhibited better short term memory as compared to men. The analysis of the test score was done by t- test. It was used to determine significant difference between the male and female participants in recall probability on the word recall test. After the analysis of data, the alternative hypothesis got accepted and null hypothesis got rejected. The value of paired t test was – 3.789. This indicates that -3.789

Introduction Since human beings are visually oriented (Norman, 2004), visual instruction is regard as one of effective learning strategies in different learning environments (Dwyer, 1978, 2007). Reviewing existing literature regarding visual instruction indicates that past studies tended to use multimedia programs, such as Flash software, to design animated visual instruction and ignored the benefits of static visual instruction. A major problem is that the number of studies between static and animated visual instruction is imbalanced. According to Lin and Dwyer's (2004) study, static and animated visual instruction can with equal effectiveness significantly support student learning. In other words, the effect of static and animated visual instruction on student learning is the same. Therefore, from a cost-effective perspective, whether or not low-cost static visual instruction can replace the role of high-cost animated visual instruction is worthy of exploration. The current study developed two types of static visual instructions to enhance students' cognitive abilities in an online learning environment. The design rationale of the static visual instructions bases on information process model. Undergraduate students are targeted groups. One randomized-based experimental study evaluates the instructional effectiveness of two static visual instructions. Specifically, the purpose of the study is to explore the effect of varied static visual instructions on students' online learning. Theoretical Foundation According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) model as illustrated in Figure 1, three important elements in the mind process the information learners receive: (a) sensory memory, (b) short-term memory, and (c) long-term memory. The concepts of the model are: 1. Sensory memory is the first stage of the model. The senses (e.g. vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell) in the human body receive the information from the situated environment, and then information transmits to the sensory register in the brain. However, the sensory register only selects the attended information for further consideration. Without this process, the mind would be overwhelmed by too much encountered information. 2. Short-term memory temporarily records the information which passes through the sensory register. The short-term memory has limited size. According to Miller's (1956) study, short-term memory only can hold five to nine chunks. A chunk could refer to digits, words, chess positions, or people's faces. In addition, the information in short-term memory can be retained for only 5 to 20 seconds. If the information can not be transferred to long-term memory in this period of time, the information will be lost. In other words, received information will be forgotten in learners' minds. 3. Long-term memory receives meaningful information from short-term memory. In order to obtain meaningful information, the short-term memory links to prior knowledge already stored in long-term memory. The linking process, encoding information from short-term memory and retrieving information from long-term memory, does not always occur. Compared to short-term memory, long-term memory has limitless size and holds information indefinitely. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] In this study, the static visual instruction serves as a powerful learning strategy (Dwyer, 2007) which aims to strength the linking process of information encoding and retrieving between short-term and long-term memory. A research assumption of the study is that varied types of static visual instructions may cause different effects on the linking process between short-term and long-term memory. Methods Research Participant In an experimental study, at least twenty participants in each treatment group are required (Dwyer, 2006). Since this study involves three experimental treatments, the minimum number of participants is sixty. …

A. Thorn, M. Page, Current Issues in Understanding Interactions between Short-Term and Long-Term Memory. A. Surprenant, I. Neath, The Nine Lives of Short-Term Memory. G. Ward, L. Tan, P. Bhatarah, The Roles of Short-Term and Long-Term Verbal Memory in Free and Serial Recall: Towards a Recency-Based Perspective. R. Allen, A. Baddeley, Working Memory and Sentence Recall. N. Cowan, Z. Chen, How Chunks Form in Long-Term Memory and Affect Short-Term Memory Limits. P. Gupta, A Computational Model of Nonword Repetition, Immediate Serial Recall, and Nonword Learning. M. Page, D. Norris, Is There A Common Mechanism Underlying Word-Form Learning and the Hebb Repetition Effect? Experimental Data and a Modelling Framework. G. Stuart, C. Hulme, Lexical and Semantic Influences on Immediate Serial Recall: A Role for Redintegration. S. Roodenrys, Explaining Phonological Neighbourhood Effects in Short-Term Memory. A. Thorn, C. Frankish, S. Gathercole, The Influence of Long-Term Knowledge on Short-Term Memory: Evidence for Multiple Mechanisms. N. Martin, The Roles of Semantic and Phonological Processing in Short-Term Memory and Learning: Evidence from Aphasia. S. Majerus, Verbal Short-Term Memory and Temporary Activation of Language Representations: The Importance of Distinguishing Item and Order Information. E. Service, From Auditory Traces to Language Learning: Behavioural and Neurophysiological Evidence.

Acetylation of histone proteins by histone acetyltransferases (HATs), and the resultant change in gene expression, is a well-established mechanism necessary for long-term memory (LTM) consolidation, which is not required for short-term memory (STM). However, we previously demonstrated that the HAT p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) also influences hippocampus (HPC)-dependent STM in male rats. In addition to their epigenetic activity, HATs acetylate nonhistone proteins involved in nongenomic cellular processes, such as estrogen receptors (ERs). Given that ERs have rapid, nongenomic effects on HPC-dependent STM, we investigated the potential interaction between ERs and PCAF for STM mediated by the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC). Using a series of pharmacological agents administered directly into the dHPC, we reveal a functional interaction between PCAF and ERα in the facilitation of short-term object-in-place memory in male but not female rats. This interaction was specific to ERα, while ERβ agonism did not enhance STM. It was further specific to dHPC STM, as the effect was not present in the dHPC for LTM or in the perirhinal cortex. Further, while STM required local (i.e., dHPC) estrogen synthesis, the facilitatory interaction effect appeared independent of estrogens. Finally, western blot analyses demonstrated that PCAF activation in the dHPC rapidly (5 min) activated downstream estrogen-related cell signaling kinases (c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-related kinase). Collectively, these findings indicate that PCAF, which is typically implicated in LTM through epigenetic processes, also influences STM in the dHPC, possibly via nongenomic ER activity. Critically, this novel PCAF-ER interaction might exist as a male-specific mechanism supporting STM.

Rapid effects of estrogens on short-term memory: Possible mechanisms

Studies with human and animal subjects have indicated age declines in short-term memory and cell loss in the cortex. Cell loss has been estamated by descriptive nonautomated methods. Declines in short-term memory may be related to reduced learning, movtivation, motor capacity, or some combination of these factors. Passive-avoidance tests of memory minimize these factors. Direct correlational studies on learning and memory in relation to cell loss in the same subject are not feasible in man and they have not been reported previously in animals. The aims of this study were to examine age differences in learning and short-term passive-avoidance memory in relation to cell packing density in the visual cortex of the Fisher 344 rat. Cell counts were made with a computer-guided, automated, image-analyzing system (TAS, Leitz). The following observations were made: (1) significant age differences in 2- and 6-hour short-term passive-avoidance retention or memory between mature and senescent rats were related to nonsignificant age differences in original learning inferred from starting latencies, running time and running distance and (2) sd compared to mature rats were associated with significant differences in neuron but not glia-vascular cell density in area 17 in the presence of nonsignificant age differences in cortical depth and brain weight. Aims of further studies are to establish the role of cell loss from the hippocampus in loss of short-term spatial memory with age and to develop criteria for differential counting of small neurons, glia, endothelial cells and pericytes.

The Long and the Short of It: Memory Signals in the Medial Temporal Lobe

Purpose: to investigate the peculiarities of short-term visual memory and spatial perception of karateka. Material and Methods. The following methods were used in the study: analysis of scientific and methodological information and Internet sources; generalization of best practices; psychophysiological testing; methods of mathematical statistics. The study involved 27 karateka aged 10,41±2,04 years with one year of training experience. To measure psychophysiological abilities we used specialized tests for mobile devices running iPadOS, developed and implemented by the departments of martial arts, informatics and biomechanics of the Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture. Results: according to the results of the correlation analysis, it was found that there is a statistically significant correlation between the age of athletes and the indicators of the studied psychophysiological parameters. Thus, the coefficient of short-term visual memory (CTSM, r=0,67) and the indicator of spatial perception (reaction time for the whole test, r=0,60) have statistically significant interrelations with age. It was also noted that the percentage of errors decreases with increasing age of athletes. The correlation analysis revealed interrelations between the tests. There was a statistically significant correlation between the reaction time in the «Spatial Perception» test and the percentage of errors in the fifth, most difficult stage of the «Short-Term Memory» test (r=0,63). On the basis of the cluster analysis the group of karateka (n=27) is divided into two subgroups of 8-10 and 11-13 years old, 13, 14 sportsmen respectively. According to the analysis of differences in measurement results between sportsmen of 8-10 years old and sportsmen of 11-13 years old it was determined that there are statistically significant differences (p<0,05) in such indicators as the coefficient of short-term visual memory, percentage of errors and duration of the test. The largest percentage of errors in the «Short-Term Memory» test was recorded at the fifth stage both in sportsmen of 8-10 years old and sportsmen of 11-13 years old. The number of mistakes of sportsmen of 11-13 years old is 1,8 times less than that of sportsmen of 8-10 years old, that testifies to the greater number of correct reactions and accuracy of their motor actions. Concerning the differences of results of the estimation of the level of spatial perception between sportsmen of 8-10 years old and sportsmen of 11-13 years old there was a statistically significant improvement (p<0,05) of reaction time and statistically significant decrease (p<0,05) of test duration. The percentage of mistakes in sportsmen of 11-13 years old is less than in sportsmen of 8-10 years old, but these differences are not statistically significant (p>0,05). The analysis of dynamics of changes of reaction time at performance of a test task of the application «Spatial Perception» showed that the greatest values were fixed on the fourth stage, both in a group of 8-10 years old and in a group of 11-13 years old. This suggests that older athletes are better at differentiating 3D objects when there are interfering visual stimuli. Conclusions. The results of the research testify to the peculiarities of the manifestation of psychophysiological indicators, namely their relationship with the age of the studied sportsmen. Indicators of short-term visual memory and spatial perception of sportsmen of 11-13 years old have statistically significant (p<0,05) differences from indicators of sportsmen of 8-10 years old. Due to the fact that the athletes who took part in the study have the same training experience (1 year), the improvement of psychophysiological indicators of older athletes is associated with a more perfect interaction of their sensory and motor mechanisms of movement control.

Background— Action potential duration (APD) variation is an important determinant of wave break and reentry. The determinants of APD variability during early ventricular fibrillation (VF) in myopathic human hearts have not been studied. The objective of this study was to study the role of APD restitution and short-term cardiac memory on variation in human VF. Methods and Results— The study consisted of 7 patients (67�9 years old) with ejection fraction <35%. Monophasic action potentials were recorded from the right and/or left ventricular septum during VF. APD 60/90 was measured in sinus beat preceding induction of VF, and its amplitude was used to define 60%/90% repolarization in VF. The monophasic action potential upstroke (dV/dt max ) was used to characterize local excitability. Simple linear regression showed that variability in APD n60 was determined by APD/diastolic interval restitution ( R 2 =0.48, P <0.0001) and short-term memory (APD 60 n−1, n−2, n−3, n−4; R 2 =0.55, 0.40, 0.33, and 0.27 respectively; P <0.001). Using multiple stepwise regression, short-term memory and restitution accounted for 62% of variance in APD 60 ( P <0.001). Individually, memory effect had the greatest contribution to APD variability ( R 2 =0.55, P <0.0001). Conclusions— In early human VF, short-term memory and APD/diastolic interval restitution explain most of the APD variability, with memory effects predominating. This suggests that in early human VF, short-term cardiac memory may provide a novel therapeutic target to modulate progression of VF in myopathic patients.

Clustered protocadherins (cPcdh) are cell adhesion molecules with 58 isoforms, essential for neural circuit formation and higher cognitive functions. This study investigated the impact of reduced cPcdh-α diversity on cognitive function using mutant mice. Behavioral tests revealed that cPcdh-α1-12 mice exhibited specific memory impairments ranging from a few seconds to 2 h short-term memory, while memory from 24 h to 2 weeks long-term memory remained intact. Notably, no abnormalities in appearance or spontaneous behavior were observed in cPcdh-α1-12 mice, suggesting that the deficits were specific to short-term memory. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of neural activity during memory recall in 2 h short-term memory and 24 h long-term memory following showed significant reductions in the hippocampus, amygdala, and retrosplenial cortex during short-term memory tasks. No such reductions were observed during long-term memory recall. These results suggest that short-term and long-term memory are supported by partially distinct neural circuits and underscore the critical role of cPcdh-α diversity in establishing the neural pathways necessary for short-term memory retrieval.

Short-term memory was assessed in two groups of amnesic patients. Six patients had confirmed or suspected damage to the hippocampal formation, and six patients had diencephalic damage as a result of alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome. Verbal short-term memory was evaluated with seven separate administrations of the standard digit span test in order to obtain a precise measure of short-term memory. Nonverbal short-term memory was evaluated with four tests that assessed apprehension, retention, and the ability to manipulate nonverbal material--all within the span of immediate memory. One of these four tests assessed short-term memory for spatial location. Patients with damage to the hippocampal formation had a digit span equivalent to that of control subjects and also performed normally on the four tests of nonverbal short-term memory. The patients with Korsakoff's syndrome had a marginally low digit span and performed poorly on three of the four nonverbal tasks, a finding consistent with the deficits in attention and visuospatial processing previously described for this patient group. These deficits are likely due to the frontal lobe atrophy typically associated with Korsakoff's syndrome, rather than to diencephalic damage. The results support the view that short-term (immediate) memory, including short-term spatial memory, is independent of the hippocampus.

False memory for critical lures has been widely documented in long-term memory using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Recent evidence suggests that false memory effects can also be found in short-term memory (STM), supporting models that assume a strong relationship between short-term and long-term memory processes. However, no study has examined the role of articulatory suppression on immediate false memory, even though phono-articulatory factors are critically involved in STM performance and are an intrinsic part of all STM accounts. The current study proposes a novel paradigm to assess false memory effects in a STM task under both silent and articulatory suppression conditions. Using immediate serial recognition, in which participants had to judge whether two successive mixed lists of six associated and non-associated words were matched, we examined true recognition of matching lists and false recognition of mismatching lists comprising a critical lure or unrelated distractor in two experiments. Results from both experiments indicated reduced true recognition of matching lists and greater false serial recognition of mismatching lists comprising a critical lure under articulatory suppression relative to silence. These findings provide further support for some current models of verbal short-term memory, which posit a strong relationship between short-term and long-term memory processes.

Background Producing and comprehending language requires maintenance of linguistic units in short term memory (STM). While there is evidence of verbal STM impairments in persons with aphasia (PWA), there are unresolved questions about other aspects of STM in aphasia, particularly the role of input and output modalities on STM performance. This includes the extent to which visual STM abilities are impaired in PWA and if the modality of eliciting responses (verbal versus pointing) influences STM performance. A better understanding of the relationship between STM performance and clinical language assessments of PWA will inform test interpretation. Aims This study investigated three questions about short term memory (STM) performance in post-stroke aphasia: 1) whether visual STM is impaired in PWA given that a common neural network subserves encoding-recall of both verbal and visual STM, 2) whether the response modality (verbal vs pointing) impacts STM score, 3) the relationship between STM and language performance, specifically on the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R). Methods & Procedures Verbal and visuo-spatial performance on a STM battery was compared between 45 PWA and a representative neurotypical sample (N=40). For PWA, individual performance across STM subtasks was examined to identify dissociations and correlated with language performance on the WAB-R. Outcomes & Results PWA scored lower than neurotypical controls on verbal but not visual STM tasks. At the individual level, about one-half of PWA were impaired on the three verbal STM tasks, and one-third had dissociations among the three verbal STM tasks. There was no effect of response modality (verbal versus pointing) on verbal STM performance. There was a strong association between verbal STM and individual subtests of the WAB-R. In general, the relative phonological and semantic demands of the task (e.g. repetition) influenced the association strength with digit recall versus picture recall scores. Conclusions Verbal STM deficits are: 1) more prevalent than visual-spatial STM deficits in PWA, 2) strongly associated with WAB-R performance in a pattern that is consistent with the phonological and semantic demands of the tasks. The clinical implications of this study are that it is crucial to assess STM performance in PWA and examine its potential impact on language assessments. Further, a verbal or pointing response modality can be used for STM measurement without negatively impacting the score (unless there are clear motoric contra-indications). This study provides performance data for a set of aphasia-friendly STM tasks that can serve as future reference.

This paper explains prediction of share market trends of organizations using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) incorporated with a simple neural network gives the result of the movement of company's stock prices in the share market. LSTM is used for processing the time-series data. LSTM is a type of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). In this work, layers of LSTM networks called stacked LSTM is a core component that process the huge volume of time series data. LSTM model works like a human brain because of the power to have a short term and long term memory. During data processing in the training stage, the model keeps a short term memory of the relation between the date and stock prices which is available in the data. It then starts keeping track of the relations from the successive dates and stock prices since the inception of the company. In this stage, the model tries to find a pattern or a trend in the stock price movement. This is kept in the long term memory. As the model processes further data, it finds an accurate pattern in the stock price movement. The exact date or a number of days is given as input and the stock price is given as output from the model