Abstract
The use of the laws of circuits in the derivation of N yquist's formula of thermal noise contains the assumption that the current is the same in all parts of a conductor. This assumption is incompatible with perfect gas models for the conduction electrons in metals, but it can be justified by the collective description of B ohm and P ines for the large distances which correspond to the low frequencies of electronic measurements. Between different fluctuating voltages in a circuit there exist correlations, for which a general method of calculation is given.
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