Correlation between BDSM and sensation-seeking in the Polish BDSM community

Translation, validation, predictive analysis of the Italian version of the McSweeney Acute and Prodromal Myocardial Infarction Symptom Survey and symptom cluster characterization in women.

Although previous studies have considered loneliness as a mediator of the relationship between prodromal psychotic symptoms and impaired social functioning, there is lack of consensus regarding directionality of effects. We tested two competing hypotheses: Prodromal psychotic symptoms lead to deficits in social functioning via loneliness, vs. social functioning deficits lead to amplification of prodromal psychotic symptoms via loneliness. We implemented a longitudinal mediational design measuring variables (social functioning, loneliness and prodromal symptoms) at three time points over 6 to 8 months (N = 276) in a sample of British undergraduate students. We tested four longitudinal mediation path models across the three time points, controlling for age, gender and ethnicity. Longitudinal mediational analyses suggest that both baseline prodromal symptoms and baseline distress about prodromal symptoms lead to small-to-moderate (standardized indirect effects = - 0.02) impairments in social functioning 6 to 8 months later via loneliness. However, baseline impairments in social functioning did not augment prodromal symptoms or symptom distress 6 to 8 months later. The results suggest that prodromal psychotic symptoms and distress about symptoms lead to impairments in social functioning via loneliness but not vice versa. These results suggest the need for preventative strategies to target loneliness which could prevent subsequent exacerbation of social functioning deficits. Future studies need to examine loneliness as a mechanism in the relationship between prodromal psychotic symptoms and social functioning across cultures, age groups, and over longer time periods.

Epidemiology and outcome of emergency medical service witnessed out-of-hospital-cardiac arrest by prodromal symptom: Nationwide observational study

Prompt recognition of stroke symptoms is critical to timely treatment and women have increased delay to treatment. Women may be more likely to present with atypical symptoms, but this hypothesis has not been extensively evaluated. We examined gender differences in the prevalence of presenting and prodromal stroke symptoms among 1107 consecutive patients hospitalized with neurologist-confirmed acute ischemic stroke. Patient demographics, clinical variables, and stroke symptoms were abstracted from medical records by trained abstractors using standardized forms. Estimates were age-standardized to the age distribution of men and women combined. Presenting symptoms occurred within 24 hours of incident stroke admission; prodromal symptoms occurred >or=24 hours of admission. Women were significantly older (P<0.001), more likely to have cardioembolic stroke (P<0.01), and less likely to receive aspirin (P=0.014) or statins (P<0.001). Thirty-five percent of the sample (n=389) reported prodromal symptoms. Women were more likely to have >or=1 somatic prodromal and presenting symptoms (P=0.03; P=0.008), but did not differ from men on specific somatic symptoms. Women did not differ from men in classic presenting stroke symptoms (P=0.89). Women did not differ significantly in the prevalence of traditional stroke symptoms but were more likely to have somatic presenting and prodromal symptoms. We found no differences in specific prodromal symptoms, making it difficult to craft a public health message about gender differences in early warning signs of stroke. These results suggest that the focus of stroke prevention education for women should continue to emphasize traditional stroke risk factors.

Prodromal symptoms in individuals with risk factors remain challenging, even though myocardial infarction has been noted in research. This study determined the association of risk factors with patients' baseline myocardial infarction related prodromal symptoms. In a cross-sectional study, 154 Iranian men and women, mean age 59.62 ± 12.74 years were assessed in 2016-2017. The frequency besides severity of 33 prodromal symptoms and risk factors was assessed using McSweeney Prodromal Myocardial Infarction Symptom Survey. The main cardiac prodromal symptoms experienced by patients were chest pain/discomfort (n = 99, 64.30%), unusual fatigue (n = 78, 50.60%), and sleep disturbance (n = 33, 20.40%). Women experienced more prodromal symptoms than men (33.26 ± 21.88 vs. 25.48 ± 17.75). Among risk factors, only sex was associated with prodromal symptoms score (P < 0.05). The frequently experienced prodromal symptoms, i.e., before MI were chest pain/discomfort, unusual fatigue, and sleep disturbance. A crucial finding was the significant association between sex and prodromal symptoms. Identifying prodromal symptoms in patients with risk factors can prevent the incidence of myocardial infarction.

Prodromal myocardial infarction symptoms experienced by women

Using the McSweeney Acute and Prodromal Myocardial Infarction Symptom Survey to Predict the Occurrence of Short-Term Coronary Heart Disease Events in Women

Data remain sparse on women's prodromal symptoms before acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study describes prodromal and AMI symptoms in women. Participants were 515 women diagnosed with AMI from 5 sites. Using the McSweeney Acute and Prodromal Myocardial Infarction Symptom Survey, we surveyed them 4 to 6 months after discharge, asking about symptoms, comorbidities, and demographic characteristics. Women were predominantly white (93%), high school educated (54.8%), and older (mean age, 66+/-12), with 95% (n=489) reporting prodromal symptoms. The most frequent prodromal symptoms experienced more than 1 month before AMI were unusual fatigue (70.7%), sleep disturbance (47.8%), and shortness of breath (42.1%). Only 29.7% reported chest discomfort, a hallmark symptom in men. The most frequent acute symptoms were shortness of breath (57.9%), weakness (54.8%), and fatigue (42.9%). Acute chest pain was absent in 43%. Women had more acute (mean, 7.3+/-4.8; range, 0 to 29) than prodromal (mean, 5.71+/-4.36; range, 0 to 25) symptoms. The average prodromal score, symptom weighted by frequency and intensity, was 58.5+/-52.7, whereas the average acute score, symptom weighted by intensity, was 16.5+/-12.1. These 2 scores were correlated (r=0.61, P<0.001). Women with more prodromal symptoms experienced more acute symptoms. After controlling for risk factors, prodromal scores accounted for 33.2% of acute symptomatology. Most women have prodromal symptoms before AMI. It remains unknown whether prodromal symptoms are predictive of future events.

The physiology of cooperative breeding in a rare social canid; sex, suppression and pseudopregnancy in female Ethiopian wolves

ABSTRACT: The yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos) and robust tufted capuchin (Sapajus robustus) are endangered species due to destruction of their natural habitat and predatory chase. However, it is still necessary to elucidate some details of their reproductive physiology in order to obtain better indices in the assisted reproduction of these species. This study aimed to evaluate the ovarian cycle of 13 dominant and subordinate females of S. xanthosternos (n=8) and S. robustus (n=5) using sagittal and transversally scanned ultrasound of their uterus and ovaries. Sonograms were performed every seven days for two months. The ovarian cycle phase and anestrous condition were confirmed by colpocytology. Our results showed different uterine parameters (craniocaudal diameter, dorso-ventral diameter, and transverse diameter) (P&lt;0.05) between anestrous subordinate females and other ovarian cycle phases and social classes. The mean of uterine volume was higher in dominant females than subordinate females in all cycle phases (P&lt;0.05), except in follicular phase. During anestrus, endometrial width was smaller in subordinate females than in dominant females (P&lt;0.05). Subordinate females showed differences in endometrial measures (P&lt;0.05) between anestrous period and follicular and luteal periods. Ovarian measures in dominant females were higher than in subordinate females only during anestrus (P&lt;0.05). In the subordinate females, ovarian parameters were different (P&lt;0.05) between anestrus and follicular and luteal phases. Dominant females showed higher volume of right ovary compared to volume of the left ovary during anestrus and follicular phase (P&lt;0.05). Follicles and corpus luteum were distinguished by ultrasonography in most exams (86.11%). During anestrus, measurable ovarian structures were not observed in both ovaries in dominant and subordinate females. In conclusion, the methodology used in this study allowed to evaluate the ovarian cycle in S. xanthosternos e S. robustus females and that cycle phase/anestrus and social class of the female influenced the size of the uterus and ovaries.

In many cooperatively breeding species, dominant females suppress reproduction in subordinates. Although it is commonly assumed that aggression from dominant females plays a role in reproductive suppression, little is known about the distribution of aggressive interactions. Here, we investigate the distribution of aggressive and submissive interactions among female meerkats (Suricata suricatta). In this species, dominant females produce more than 80% of the litters, but older subordinates occasionally breed. Dominant females commonly kill the pups of subordinates and usually evict older female subordinates from the group 1–3 weeks before the birth of the dominant female's litter. The aggression frequency of the dominant female toward subordinates and the submission frequency that each subordinate female showed to the dominant female increased as the age of the subordinate female increased and as the birth of the dominant female's pups approached. Moreover, as birth approached, both of these behaviors intensified more quickly between the dominant female and older subordinates than between the dominant female and younger subordinates. The aggression frequency of the dominant female toward each subordinate female predicted whether that subordinate female was evicted from the group; the submission frequency by each subordinate female predicted the timing of their eviction during the pregnancy period of the dominant female. These results support the idea that conflict between dominant and subordinate females increases with the age of subordinates and, since older subordinate females are most likely to reproduce, suggest that dominant females may less easily control reproductive attempts by older subordinate females.

Prodromal and residual symptoms in bipolar I disorder

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between prodromal psychotic symptoms and psychological distress among Nigerian adolescents.Method: Students (n=508) were randomly selected from secondary schools in Abeokuta, Nigeria. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Version (PQ-B) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were administered to each student.Results: The mean age of the students was 15.4 years (SD 1.3), with most (63%) being female. More than half (55.3%) reported having had a lifetime experience of major life event (20.9% in the preceding 6 months) while 13.9% had experienced bullying or abuse (5.1% in the preceding 6 months). The prevalence of prodromal symptoms was 20.9% (95% CI 0.174–0.244). Abnormal scores in emotional and conduct problems were seen in 11.8% and 6% respectively, while 7.3% had abnormal scores in each of the hyperactivity and peer problems subscales of the SDQ. Abnormality in prosocial behaviour was found in 1.8% of students, with overall abnormality in 4.9%. Regression analysis showed that prodromal symptoms were predicted by female sex, lifetime and 6 month history of major life event, and lifetime and 6 month history of bullying or abuse. Prodromal symptoms were also predicted by higher total SDQ scores and higher scores in all domains of psychological distress except the prosocial domain.Conclusion: The study showed a relationship between reported prodromal symptoms and the occurrence of psychological distress. It also showed that early childhood trauma may be a predisposing factor to the early stages of development of psychosis, with female children being especially prone in the years of adolescence.

To explore why young- and middle-aged adults ignore prodromal myocardial infarction symptoms from a life course and sociocultural perspective. A qualitative descriptive study. We applied purposeful sampling to recruit participants from a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou from July to November 2021. Face-to-face interviews were performed. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis methods. Twenty-four young- and middle-aged adults diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction participated in this study. Analysis revealed three main themes: I'm still young, it will not happen to me; to be somebody and different roles, multiple pressures. Age-related self-confidence led to inappropriate perceptions and responses to prodromal symptoms among young- and middle-aged adults. These individuals strived to align their behaviours and attention with social expectations and self-expectations, underestimating the importance of perceiving the warning signs of acute myocardial infarction and seeking medical treatment. Pressure from social roles also prevented them from paying enough attention to prodromal symptoms. Targeted social support, public education and technologies should be provided to these individuals since they are pillars of the family and society. We also highlight how nurses can function these strategies appropriately. This study contributes to a better understanding of the neglect of prodromal symptoms among young- and middle-aged adults. Its results enhance our understanding of the perception of and coping with prodromal symptoms among this population, which will help avoid the burden caused by acute myocardial infarction. The patients involved in our study shared their experiences and insights to provide new perspectives regarding the neglect of prodromal myocardial infarction symptoms among young- and middle-aged adults.

BackgroundClinical outcomes vary among young people with the psychosis risk syndrome (PRS), with approximately 20% of individuals progressing to a psychotic disorder over 2–3 years and 30% achieving clinical remission. The identification of neurophysiological abnormalities associated with schizophrenia that predate and predict psychosis onset may enhance the accuracy of clinical outcome prediction in the PRS and help elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of psychosis onset. Auditory P300 event-related potential (ERP) component amplitude reductions are well established in schizophrenia and reflect early attention-mediated information processing deficits. Recent studies employing auditory oddball tasks have shown that P300 amplitude deficits in PRS individuals are associated with later clinical outcomes, including both conversion to full-blown psychosis and remission from the at-risk state. The present study examined whether these effects extend to P300 in the visual modality using visual oddball task data collected as part of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. Specifically, we evaluated whether visual P300 amplitudes are reduced in the PRS and predict future clinical outcomes.Methods540 individuals meeting PRS criteria and 229 healthy individuals completed baseline EEG recording during a visual oddball task. Visual P300 subcomponents were measured in response to two stimulus types: (1) infrequent target stimuli, reflecting top-down allocation of attention (target P3b), and (2) infrequent non-target novel distractor stimuli, reflecting bottom-up orienting of attention (novelty P3a). P300 amplitudes of PRS participants who converted to psychosis (n=70) were compared with those of PRS non-converters who were followed clinically for 24 months and continued to be symptomatic (n=131) or fully remitted from the PRS (n=87).ResultsGroup comparison effects did not differ by stimulus type. Visual P300 amplitudes were not significantly reduced in the PRS group relative to healthy individuals (p=.25). However, baseline target P3b and novelty P3a amplitudes were reduced in PRS individuals who later converted to psychosis relative to all PRS non-converters, including those who remitted (p=.006, d=.44) and those who remained symptomatic (p=.015, d=.37), as well as healthy individuals (p=.001, d=.44). Baseline P300 amplitudes were similar among healthy controls, PRS remitters, and PRS individuals who remained symptomatic (ps>.45). Moreover, visual P300 amplitudes differentiated future psychosis converters after accounting for PRS symptom severity. Finally, both target P3b and novelty P3a amplitudes predicted the time to psychosis onset in PRS participants (p=.03 and p=.02, respectively), such that more deficient P300 amplitudes were associated with shorter time to conversion.DiscussionBaseline visual P300 amplitudes were reduced in future PRS converters relative to non-converters, with effect sizes comparable to those reported in previous auditory P300 studies of the PRS. Results implicate visual P300 as a neurophysiological vulnerability marker that predicts clinical outcomes among PRS individuals, including future transition to psychosis. Accordingly, together with prior auditory P300 studies, results suggest that P300 may have the potential to contribute to personalized early intervention in the PRS by distinguishing individuals with the greatest risk for psychotic illness, who require the most aggressive treatment, from those who may need minimal intervention.