Correlates of self-reported life satisfaction among autistic youth with and without intellectual disability

Although social resources and self-esteem are well-known predictors of subjective well-being in the general population, the relations among these factors have not yet been investigated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present preliminary study sought to compare the levels of life satisfaction, self-esteem and perceived social support between adults with ASD and typically developing volunteers (TYP). It also examined whether self-esteem would moderate the effect of perceived social support on life satisfaction in adults with ASD. Fifty-seven adults with ASD without intellectual disability and 60 age-matched TYP in the United Kingdom (UK) completed self-reported measures of perceived social support, global self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Results indicated that adults with ASD reported significantly lower levels of life satisfaction and self-esteem (but not social support) than TYP. Hierarchical regressions revealed that both social support and self-esteem were significant predictors of life satisfaction in adults with ASD. Self-esteem buffered the effect of perceived social support on life satisfaction. This study corroborated a growing body of evidence that suggests that adults with ASD report lower levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction than TYP. In addition, it reported for the first time that global self-esteem influences the association between social support and life satisfaction in adults with ASD. The present findings suggest that interventions aimed at enhancing self-esteem and cultivating social relationships could be important areas for intervention to improve the well-being of adults with ASD.

This paper reports results from a longitudinal study on the impact of the lockdown on daily self-reported life satisfaction levels during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. A stable panel (N = 1,131) of adult subjects were surveyed during 84 consecutive days (March 29–June 20, 2020). They were asked to report daily life satisfaction and health state levels. Interestingly, daily life satisfaction increased during the lockdown. At the beginning of the experiment, subjects were asked to guess the end-week of the lockdown, against a possible monetary reward for accurate forecasts. Subjects predicting a longer lockdown period reported a higher average level of daily life satisfaction. Females reported on average lower levels of daily life satisfaction, but exhibited a stronger tendency to report higher levels of life satisfaction, the longer their lockdown forecast. Individual heterogeneity in life satisfaction levels can be partly attributed to personality traits, with neuroticism having a negative effect, while extraversion and agreeableness having a positive effect on daily life satisfaction.

The migration phenomenon has important implications in both the receiving and sending countries. Regarding developing countries, much less attention has been devoted to their role as receiving countries. This study focuses on Ecuador, a developing country whose migration inflows have significantly increased since its economy formally dollarized. The aim is to know how residents’ perceived life satisfaction is affected by international migration not only at an aggregated level but also at a disaggregated level (by gender, occupation, and nationality). To do so, a multiple-choice econometric model, a generalized ordinal logit, is estimated using pooled data from 2014 to 2015. Results evidence that the effect of international migration on life satisfaction is not linear: it depends on the individuals’ life satisfaction level. Moreover, results evidence that immigrants’ gender, nationality, and occupation matter when studying residents’ perceived life satisfaction. An increase in the share of male migrants is associated with low levels of life satisfaction of residents. While the increase of the share of some nationalities is associated with lower levels of life satisfaction, the increase of others is associated with higher or intermediate levels of life satisfaction. Interestingly, an increase in the share of working immigrants is not associated with low levels of life satisfaction of locals.

Background Life satisfaction is considered to be an important indicator of subjective well-being of young people throughout the world. The period of adolescence to young adulthood is also recognised as a significant developmental transition and potentially challenging time for young people. It is believed that several factors at individual, family and societal levels influence life satisfaction of young people at different stages. The literature reveals that life satisfaction of young people of different immigrant status might change from adolescence to the stage of young adulthood. This study aimed to compare the life satisfaction of advantaged and disadvantaged young people of immigrant and Australian families and consider how the life satisfaction of individuals in these groups changes over time with age and differences in socio-economic status. Methods The quantitative study was conducted using de-identified secondary data of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamic of Australia (HILDA) survey, which was collected annually from 2001 to 2009. The study used Wave one, two and nine of HILDA data in two separate analyses, namely, (a) cross-sectional and (b) longitudinal. The cross-sectional study was performed during the first stage, using linear regression to analyse representative data on life satisfaction collected in 2001. The findings of this section revealed how multi-level factors of individual, family related and societal elements were associated with life satisfaction levels among the three subgroups of young people. The longitudinal element of the study analysed two waves of survey data collected in 2002 and 2009 using a hierarchical linear regression model with a random intercept for each individual, to estimate life satisfaction changes and associated variables at the two time points. The changes in socio-economic status and other factors were examined in variation of life satisfaction over a seven year period. The random-effect regression analysis was applied to determine the association between life satisfaction and key determinants, including variables related to individual, family and societal elements. This model would allow for between-individual and within individual differences for all related variables. The results of the findings were examined with reference to the life course perspective to explain how changes in specific indicators of socio-economic status and other multi-level factors were associated with life satisfaction in the three subgroups of young people. Results The descriptive analysis found that young people in the Australian and immigrant subgroups reported a high level of life satisfaction in wave 1 of the HILDA data sets. The results also found that there was a gender difference in life satisfaction level of young people of different immigrant status. First-generation immigrants who were female and disadvantaged, stated a significantly lower level of life satisfaction than the male group (b = -1.077, p l05). The results also illustrated that life satisfaction in males of first-generation immigrants in the middle group was lower than it was for females, however this pattern was reversed in the second-generation immigrant group. Therefore, there is a difference between life satisfaction of males and females between first and second-generation immigrants. The longitudinal element of the study also revealed that young people with improving socio-economic status (b = 0.116, p l002) from wave 2 to wave 9, experienced a significantly better level of life satisfaction than to those who remained at the same socio-economic level. This finding suggests that improving socio-economic status across time can be effective in improving the life satisfaction of young people. The finding of the longitudinal survey revealed that life satisfaction decreased significantly in wave 9 compared to wave 2 (b = -0.151, p l0.001). It was found that 78% of life satisfaction variation from wave 2 to wave 9 in young people was due to changes over time within individuals. This result indicated that the transition from adolescence to young adulthood is a very important factor in the life satisfaction variation of young people. The three principles of life course theory, namely, lsocio-historical and geographical locationr, ltiming of livesr and lsocial ties to othersr, underpin the findings of this study. The implications of these results for improving the health and well-being of young people are discussed in Chapter 6.

Introduction to the Special Section

Adult siblings of people with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities: Sibling relationship attitudes and psychosocial outcomes

Background: Lifestyle and health of an individual are influenced by many factors; a significant factor is life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is understood as a multidimensional construct closely related to the area of personal wellbeing and quality of life. Life satisfaction in university students represents one of the determinants of good health, high motivation for studying, work productivity, satisfactory interpersonal relationships and overall healthy lifestyle. Objective: The main objective of the present study is to identify and compare the level of overall life satisfaction and selected components of health, self-evaluation and sexuality in current university students with respect to their study specialization. Methods: The study included a total of 522 students from Palacký University. These were students from the Faculty of Physical Culture (n = 118), Faculty of Education (n = 218) and Faculty of Science (n = 186). In terms of age, the study focused on young adults aged 19 to 26. To assess the current level of life satisfaction, the research study used a standardized psychodiagnostic tool - Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSQ). The used diagnostic methods are fully standardized and contain domestic normative values. Statistical result processing was conducted using the Statistica programme v10.0. Results: The highest level of overall life satisfaction was revealed in university students of sport sciences. In comparison with the students of education and students of natural sciences the difference is significant. Satisfaction with health among the students of sport sciences is significantly higher than in the students of education (p ≤ .001; d = 0.53) and the students of natural sciences (p ≤ .05; d = 0.38). Similar results were found in the area of satisfaction with own person and self-evaluation, where the values of the students of sport sciences were significantly higher compared with the students of education (p ≤ .001; d = 0.39) and the students of natural sciences (p ≤ .001; d = 0.30). In the area of sexuality we revealed significantly higher values in the students of sport sciences compared with the students of natural sciences (p ≤ .05; d = 0.32). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that current university students who study sports sciences assess their life satisfaction significantly higher compared with the students of other specializations. The results of the study indicated a positive correlation between physical activity of current university students and the subjectively perceived level of life satisfaction, health, self-evaluation and sexuality.

Level of life satisfaction is not something of which many sit down and take appraisal. However, levels of life satisfaction, especially low levels of life satisfaction, can have a direct effect on health. Low levels of life satisfaction cause an increase in self-reported stress. Inversely, high levels of stress cause a decrease in life satisfaction. This decrease in life satisfaction is associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. A majority of student-athlete healthcare is centered around the physical aspects of health, with mental health just recently becoming a concern. It was apparent through the research for this study that life satisfaction scores can be a good indicator and predictor of possible deficits in both. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the life satisfaction levels of collegiate football players competing at the Division I AA (DI AA) and Division III (DIII) levels. Satisfaction with life scores were compared between the two divisions with the hypothesis that higher perceived stress levels at the Division I AA level lead to lower Satisfaction with Life scores. The secondary hypothesis being that those experiencing lower levels of perceived control would also report lower life satisfaction. Collegiate football players from Linfield College (DIII) and Portland State University (DI AA) institutions were contacted via email and asked to complete a survey via Survey Monkey.

The purpose of the investment is to improve the current level of life satisfaction by achieving investment goals. Investors tend to attain high levels of life satisfaction when their investment goals are achieved and lower levels of life satisfaction when goals are far from achievement. The idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual may often hamper the achievement of investment goals and ultimately influence the level of life satisfaction. These characteristics can either contribute towards low life satisfaction or high life satisfaction. Income and the subjective financial well-being play a determining role in whether an investor has a positive or negative life satisfaction. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine whether income and subjective financial well-being have an influence on the life satisfaction of investors. The results of this study reveal that a strong relationship exists between income, financial well-being, and life satisfaction. Investors who perceived themselves, to have high financial well-being were more likely to have high life satisfaction. On the contrary, investors with low perceived financial well-being were more likely to have low life satisfaction. Similar results were observed for income and life satisfaction since a positive relationship was also found.

Background: Adolescents’ behavioral and emotional disorders denote a considerable public health problem in developing countries. Hence, positive psychology intervention plays a prominent role in promoting mental health and increase happiness among adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of positive psychology intervention for promoting mental health, life satisfaction, and happiness level among adolescents. Method: A quasi-experimental research one group pre-test and post-test design were used with baseline data collected from second and third-year preparatory students from Saris Alliyan Aljadida preparatory school, Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Seven instruments were utilized; a constructed interview questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Life Orientation Test-Revised, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and The Oxford Happiness Questionnaires. Result: the current study's findings proved there were significantly greater increases in self-efficacy, self-esteem, optimism, and life satisfaction scores from pre-intervention to post-intervention. Also, there was significantly greater increases in happiness level from pre-intervention to post-intervention. Conclusion: This study showed the importance of the application of positive psychology intervention for promoting mental health and increase life satisfaction and happiness levels among adolescents. Recommendation: Based on the study's findings, it was recommended the school nurse regularly assess all adolescents to identify those with low levels of happiness and life satisfaction. Also, the school nurse applies positive psychology intervention to prevent depression, promote mental health and increase life satisfaction and happiness levels among adolescents in the school setting. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Amal A. El-Abbassy, Alyaa Hosam El Din Salam, Kariema I. EL Berry, Reda Elfeshawy. Psychology Intervention for Promoting Mental Health, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Level among SRP. 2020; 11(10): 996-1008. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.10.149 Web Style Amal A. El-Abbassy, Alyaa Hosam El Din Salam, Kariema I. EL Berry, Reda Elfeshawy. Psychology Intervention for Promoting Mental Health, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Level among http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=43681 [Access: March 30, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.10.149 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Amal A. El-Abbassy, Alyaa Hosam El Din Salam, Kariema I. EL Berry, Reda Elfeshawy. Psychology Intervention for Promoting Mental Health, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Level among SRP. 2020; 11(10): 996-1008. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.10.149 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Amal A. El-Abbassy, Alyaa Hosam El Din Salam, Kariema I. EL Berry, Reda Elfeshawy. Psychology Intervention for Promoting Mental Health, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Level among SRP. (2020), [cited March 30, 2021]; 11(10): 996-1008. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.10.149 Harvard Style Amal A. El-Abbassy, Alyaa Hosam El Din Salam, Kariema I. EL Berry, Reda Elfeshawy (2020) Psychology Intervention for Promoting Mental Health, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Level among SRP, 11 (10), 996-1008. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.10.149 Turabian Style Amal A. El-Abbassy, Alyaa Hosam El Din Salam, Kariema I. EL Berry, Reda Elfeshawy. 2020. Psychology Intervention for Promoting Mental Health, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Level among Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (10), 996-1008. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.10.149 Chicago Style Amal A. El-Abbassy, Alyaa Hosam El Din Salam, Kariema I. EL Berry, Reda Elfeshawy. Positive Psychology Intervention for Promoting Mental Health, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Level among Adolescents. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 996-1008. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.10.149 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Amal A. El-Abbassy, Alyaa Hosam El Din Salam, Kariema I. EL Berry, Reda Elfeshawy. Positive Psychology Intervention for Promoting Mental Health, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Level among Adolescents. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.10 (2020), 996-1008. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.10.149 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Amal A. El-Abbassy, Alyaa Hosam El Din Salam, Kariema I. EL Berry, Reda Elfeshawy (2020) Psychology Intervention for Promoting Mental Health, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Level among Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (10), 996-1008. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.10.149

Most studies have shown that self-employed people have higher levels of life satisfaction than employed people due to high levels of job satisfaction, work flexibility, and job control. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many self-employed people experienced economic strain and worried about the situation of their employees and survival of the company. The aim of this study was to examine the level of life satisfaction among self-employed people during the COVID-19 pandemic in different welfare regimes. Analyses were mainly based on Eurofound’s “Living, Working and COVID-19” online survey. Fieldwork took place between April and June 2020 in 27 EU countries. The results showed that there was a significantly lower level of life satisfaction among self-employed people than employed people during the pandemic. This was in contrast to analyses from approximately one year before the pandemic, which showed that life satisfaction was higher among self-employed people. The main reasons for this lower level of life satisfaction among the self-employed during the pandemic were worse household financial situation and more worries about their job. Analyses of life satisfaction among the self-employed in different welfare regimes indicated that self-employed people in the Nordic welfare state regime largely kept their relatively high level of life satisfaction during the pandemic, but this was not the case for self-employed people in other welfare regimes.

Introduction: Life satisfaction is a strong indicator of well-being for older adults. In this study, we aimed to assess the level and correlates of life satisfaction among older adults in urban and rural Mongolia. Methods: We recruited 304 community-dwelling older adults in urban and rural regions of Mongolia. We compared levels of life satisfaction for the two groups, and then used hierarchical regression to examine the association of sociodemographic, health, psychosocial factors, and urban/rural status with life satisfaction. Results: Older adults in urban areas reported higher levels of life satisfaction than their rural counterparts. In the final step of the hierarchical regression model, more grandchildren in the household, better self-rated health, and reporting more positive than negative affect were associated with better life satisfaction at p < 0.05 as were engaging in paid work and lower levels of loneliness at p < 0.10. Net the effects of all other variables in the analysis, older adults in rural areas reported lower levels of life satisfaction. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that living in rural areas of Mongolia leads to lower levels of life satisfaction. We identify potential points to intervene through policies, programs, and practices that target the strengths and needs of older adults in rural areas by addressing inequities in socioeconomics, health, mental health, and opportunities for social integration.

Employing data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, this paper examines the level, determinants and distribution of self-reported life satisfaction, as well as the prevalence and severity of dissatisfaction in Australia over the period 2001-2010. Against most objective measures Australia's economic performance during this period was exemplary. Yet our results indicate a steady decline in life satisfaction from 2003 onwards, as well as a diminishing gap between the life satisfaction of males and females. Results also suggest that inequality in life satisfaction has generally declined. Geographic heterogeneity in the distribution of life satisfaction is apparent, and a number of socio-economic and demographic factors are found to serve an important role in determining an individual's level of life satisfaction. Measures of the extent of dissatisfaction reveal an encouraging downward trend and provide policy makers with an alternative perspective from which to assess societal welfare.

Мета. Встановити співвідношення факторів, що впливають на задоволеність життям та роль фізичних і психологічних компонентів у якості життя людей похилого віку. Методи. У процесі дослідження використовували теоретичний аналіз та узагальнення науково-методичної літератури;педагогічні спостереження, методику визначення “Індексу життєвої задоволеності” (Live Satisfaction Index) Б. Ньюгартена (в модифікації Н. Паніної), методику “Шкала задоволеності життям” Е. Дінера, методику визначення якості життя “SF 36”, методи математичної статистики. В опитуванні бралиучасть 504 особи віком 60–65 років, з яких 317 жінок та 187 чоловіків (непрацюючі пенсіонери). Результати. Встановлено, що більшість опитуваних (69,2% жінок та 63,7% чоловіків) мають низький рівень задоволеності життям. Середній рівень задоволеності життям виявлено у 23,08% респондентівжіночої статі та у 25,8% чоловіків. Лише 7,7% опитуваних жінок та 10,5% чоловіків мають високий рівень індексу задоволеності життям. Більшість жінок (75,1%) з низьким індексом вважають, що їх індекс задоволеності життям обумовлений фактором “позитивна оцінка себе і своїх вчинків”, а у62,6%) чоловіків – фактором “інтерес до життя”. Однак, такі фактори як послідовність у досягненні цілей та узгодженість між поставленими та досягнутими цілями виявилися найвагомішими серед осіб з високим рівнем задоволеності життям. Згідно нашого соціологічного опитування, у більшості осіб похилого віку спостерігається низький рівень якості життя як за фізичними, так і психологічними ком- понентами. Висновок. У результаті проведеного дослідження встановлено, що більшість осіб похилого віку мають низький індекс задоволеності життям. За показниками “Шкали задоволеності життям” (SWLS) Е. Дінера жінки і чоловіки теж характеризуються низьким рівнем задоволеності життям. Вище середнього рівня задоволеності життям мають 11,4% жінок та 10,2% чоловіків, середній – відповідно 5,4% та 9,1% і високий – 3,8% та 7,5%. За даними соціологічного опитування (методика SF-36), у більшості жінок і чоловіків похилого віку встановлено низький рівень якості життя. При цьому,низькі показники характерні як для фізичного, так і психологічного компонентів здоров’я.Ключові слова: похилий вік, якість життя, задоволеність життям, фізичний і психологічний компоненти.

Expectations based on gender roles are very important in explanation of women's mental problems, just as it is important regarding the discrimination in the division of labour. In this particular study we were investigating the difference in levels of depression and life satisfaction among married employed and unemployed women. We presented theories and explanations as well related researches in this area and employed a quantitative research in order to find out whether employment of married women affects their levels of depression and life satisfaction. The research was conducted in Ankara - Turkey, using two scientific scales; The Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory. We posted and explained five hypotheses in detail. However, the basic attempt was to answer the following research questions: Does employment affect married women’s rates of depression and life satisfaction? Is there any difference between working and nonworking married women in regard to depression and life satisfaction? The research results showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between depression and life satisfaction, and there is a negative correlation between depression and life satisfaction in general. Therefore if there is an increase on depression levels, decrease is expected on the level of life satisfaction and vice versa. According to the research results; there is a significant difference between employed and unemployed women on life satisfaction.