Correction: Why do people legitimize and cooperate with the police? Results of a randomized control trial on the effects of procedural justice in Quito, Ecuador

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to apply social exchange theory to predict the effects of procedural and interpersonal justice on turnover intentions. Specifically, it is predicted that organizational commitment mediates the effects of procedural justice on turnover intentions and that supervisory commitment mediates the effect of interpersonal justice on turnover intentions.Design/methodology/approachSurveys were administered to 212 call center employees to measure the effects of procedural justice, interpersonal justice, organizational commitment, supervisory commitment and turnover intentions. Mediation effects were tested using Baron and Kenny's methodology.FindingsSupport was found for a partial mediation effect of organizational commitment on the effect of procedural justice on turnover intentions; and for a full mediation effect of supervisory commitment on the effect of interpersonal justice on turnover intentions.Practical implicationsReduction of turnover is a major problem for the call center industry, as considerable resources are spent training new employees. This research suggests that turnover intentions can be reduced by addressing problems with organizational procedures and with the treatment of employees by supervisors.Originality/valueThe findings of this study replicate the mediation effects of organizational commitment on the effect of procedural justice on turnover intentions in call centers. In addition, this is the first study of its kind to show the mediation effects of supervisory commitment on the effect of interpersonal justice on turnover intentions.

The stream of the research on employee’ work behavior had been provided empirical evidences about the effect of one behavior on the others behavior. Current researches were conducted with two main concerns, first, to investigate the affect of distributive and procedural justice, and job satisfaction on turnover intent. And second, to examine the roles of affective, continuance and normative organizational commitment as the mediating variables on the effects of distributive, procedural justice, and job satisfaction on turnover intent. One-hundred-and-seventy-four employees from two state and private organizations located in Bengkulu Province participated voluntarily as the respondents. Three steps Mediated Regression Analysis (MRA) was employed to test the hy¬potheses. As expected, distributive justice, procedural justice, and job satisfaction negatively affect the turnover intent. In addition, the effect of distributive justice on turnover intent was mediated by affective and continuance organizational commitment. The effect of procedural justice was mediated by affective, continuance, and norma¬tive organizational commitment. And the effect of job satisfaction on turnover intent was mediated by affective and normative organizational commitment. The results were discussed as they related to researchers and practitio¬ners who becoming interested in employee’ work behavior. Key words: Distributive justice, procedural justice, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intent

This study aims to determine the effect of distributive justice and procedural justice on turnover intention with employee engagement as a mediating variable at PT. XYZ The sample used was 83 respondents with a sample selection method using saturated sampling techniques. The study was conducted quantitatively and used a questionnaire to collect data. The results of this study concluded that distributive justice and procedural justice had a positive effect on employee engagement. Distributive justice has a negative effect on turnover intention, but the effect of procedural justice on turnover intention is not significant. Employee engagement acts as a partial mediation in distributive justice relations to turnover intention and acts as a full mediator on the influence of procedural justice on turnover intention. The next finding is that employee engagement has a negative influence on the desire to.

The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of distributive justice and procedural justice on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) with organizational culture as a moderating variable. The data in this study were collected from questionnaires distributed to 94 permanent employees of PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Telkom) Tbk. Regional Division IV. Hypotheses testing shows that distributive and procedural justice positively affects OCB. Organizational culture is also found to be the moderator on the effect of procedural justice on OCB. However, our prediction that organizational culture could be the moderator on the effect of distributive justice on OCB is not supported. Further results and discussion are explained.

Adjustments for task difficulty occur regularly in performance evaluations, but their effects on satisfaction with the evaluation process has not been studied. This article reports an experiment examining the procedural and distributive justice effects of making adjustments for task difficulty in performance evaluation. Participants examined territory difficulty and sales‐volume data for a set of salespeople and rated a focal salesperson's performance. Subjects also rated their satisfaction with their performance rating and the fairness of the process. Results show that adjusting for territory (task) difficulty influences satisfaction through an intrapersonal referent effect and through procedural fairness judgments. Results also show that an intrapersonal referent effect occurs even when social‐comparison information is available; the two referents appear to have additive rather than interactive effects. Consistent with the work of van den Bos, Lind, Vermunt, and Wilkie (1997), the procedural justice effect of adjusting for territory difficulty occurs only in the absence of social‐comparison information. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of job demands on job stress and the moderating effects of job control and procedural justice. Specifically, first, the job demands were divided into quantitative demands and qualitative demands, and relative effects of the two demands on job stress were compared. Second, the moderating effects of job control and procedural justice were tested. Data were collected from 454 employees engaged in various domestic companies. The results showed that both quantitative and qualitative demands had positively significant effects on job stress and qualitative demands had a greater effect on job stress than quantitative demands did. The results of moderating effects showed that job control had a moderating effect on the relationship between quantitative demand and job stress whereas there was no moderating effect of job control on the relationship between qualitative demand and job stress. Also there was a moderating effect of procedural justice on the relationship between quantitative demand and job stress, but contrary to the hypothesis, the relationship was stronger when procedural justice was high. Finally, the academic significance and practical implications of the study, the limitations and future research were discussed.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to examine the moderating roles of the legitimate power and distributive justice of the tax authority on the effect of procedural justice on the voluntary tax compliance of taxpayers in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, by using survey data collected from taxpayers in the city.Design/methodology/approachData for the study were collected from 800 sample taxpayers who were drawn by using a systematic sampling technique. The variables of the study were constructed as indices from composing the scale items developed and tested for their validity by prior researchers. Having collected the data by using a 7-point Likert scale questionnaire and forming the latent variables, hierarchical multiple regressions were applied to determine the moderating effects of the two variables (i.e. legitimate power and distributive justice) on the effect of procedural justice on voluntary tax compliance.FindingsThe author found that both the legitimate power of the tax authority and distributive justice of the authority moderate the effect of procedural justice on voluntary tax compliance. The moderating roles of the two variables appear to be opposite in that low (but not high) distributive justice and high (but not low) legitimate power of the tax authority stimulate the effect of procedural justice on voluntary tax compliance.Research limitations/implicationsThe first limitation is that the data used in this study are self-reported data while the subject of the study is sensitive subject about which respondents are not believed to provide genuine responses. This is presumably because taxpayers are less likely to confess their tax evasion as they fear legal actions following their self-report. Hence, other controlled methods such as the experimental design are recommended to replicate the results of this study. The second limitation is that data for the study were gathered through a one-time cross-sectional survey and hence it would not warrant a causal claim between the study variables. Consequently, other research with a longitudinal or experimental design might warrant a causal relationship between the variables.Practical implicationsTherefore, the tax authorities must endeavor to attain high legitimacy by doing “the right things” as perceived by the taxpayers so that their tax-related decisions gain acceptance from the decision recipients. Tax policy makers as well ought to consider the importance of and the relationship between procedural justice, distributive justice and legitimate power of the tax authority in order to attain the maximum possible voluntary compliance of taxpayers that significantly reduces the administrative cost of taxes.Social implicationsThe study benefits society by enhancing tax compliance and hence helping the government secure a better amount of tax revenue and provide better public goods and services.Originality/valueThe findings of this study are of high theoretical and policy significance. Theoretically, the findings contribute to the integrative literature on economic deterrence and social-psychological factors that are responsible for voluntary tax compliance decisions. The parallel moderating roles of the two variables on the relationship between procedural justice and voluntary cooperation in a single model and in the tax compliance context are novel. In terms of applicability to policy formulations, they shed light on the need for a shift from a pure focus on aggressive tax audits and penalties, especially in emerging economies to a combination of the tax audits and the nurturing of the voluntary deference of taxpayers to the tax authority's decisions. Caution must, however, be taken that the results of this study may not be applicable to tax environments in other countries.

This study tests the generality of Tyler’s process-based model of policing by examining whether the effect of procedural justice and competing variables (i.e., distributive justice and police effectiveness) on police legitimacy evaluations operate in the same manner across individual and situational differences. Data from a random sample of mail survey respondents are used to test the “invariance thesis” (N = 1681). Multiplicative interaction effects between the key antecedents of legitimacy (measured separately for obligation to obey and trust in the police) and various demographic categories, prior experiences, and perceived neighborhood conditions are estimated in a series of multivariate regression equations. The effect of procedural justice on police legitimacy is largely invariant. However, regression and marginal results show that procedural justice has a larger effect on trust in law enforcement among people with prior victimization experience compared to their counterparts. Additionally, the distributive justice effect on trust in the police is more pronounced for people who have greater fear of crime and perceive higher levels of disorder in their neighborhood. The results suggest that Tyler’s process-based model is a “general” theory of individual police legitimacy evaluations. The police can enhance their legitimacy by ensuring procedural fairness during citizen interactions. The role of procedural justice also appears to be particularly important when the police interact with crime victims.

This study aims to determine (1) the effect of distributive justice on job satisfaction and, (2) the effect of procedural justice on job satisfaction (3) the effect of job satisfaction on affective commitmnent (4) the effect of distributive justice on affective commitmnet (5) the effect of procedural justice on affective commitment. Research took sample by applying nonprobability sampling with saturated sample. The sample in this study were 40 employee of Dinas Koperasi dan Usaha Mikro Kabupaten Pacitan. The data collection method uses a questionnaire method that is distributed using the Purposive Sampling technique. In this research, data quality test, classical assumption test (normality test, multicollinearity test and heterokesdasticity test) are used, multiple linear regression analysis , sobel test, path analysis, and hypothesis testing. The research show that there is a positive significant relationship between distributive justice on job satisfaction, procedural justice on job satisfaction, procedural justice on affective commitment, job satisfaction on affective commitment, job satisfaction have a positive and significant effect on mediating between distributive justice and procedural justice on affective commitment. In the other result, this research found that there is no positive and significant effect between distributive justice on affective commitment. 
 Keywords : distributive justice, procedural justice, job satisfaction, affective commitment

This study investigates the effects of procedural justice and distributive justice criteria on fairness appraisal. Two hundred thirty nine high school teachers from Bulacan, Cavite, and Pasig City participated. They rated the fairness of two justice scenarios, one organizational and one educational, each containing a procedural justice criterion (voice) and a distributive justice criterion (equity). Analyses of variance were performed. The results showed that process and distribution interact differently in the two scenarios-distributive justice affects fairness appraisal in the organization scenario while procedural justice affects fairness appraisal in the education scenario. These results indicate that as receivers of justice decisions, the participants are influenced by outcomes in appraising the fairness of a situation while as makers of decisions, they are influenced by processes.

Research conducted on CV. PLanet Supermarket Marpoyan Pekanbaru City. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of procedural justice on employee job satisfaction at CV. Planet Supermarket Marpoyan Pekanbaru City with a sample of 91 employees. Based on the research results it is known that there is an effect of procedural justice on employee job satisfaction at CV. Planet Swalayan Marpoyan Pekanbaru City simple linear regression is as follows Y = 23,173 + 0,284 X. This equation means that when Procedural Justice (X) does not exist or is zero, employee satisfaction (Y) is still obtained by 23,173 units. While the effect of Procedural Justice (X) on employee satisfaction (Y) is positive as evidenced by the results of the regression coefficient (b) of 0.284 which means that every increase in Procedural Justice (X) of one unit will increase employee satisfaction (Y) on CV . Planet Supermarket Marpoyan Pekanbaru City of 0.284 units. The results of SPSS data processing show that there is a tcount of 1,996, so the hypothesis test is tcount = 1,996 > ttable = 1,986 and also a significance level of 0.049 <0.05 which means that there is a significant influence between Procedural Justice (X) on employee satisfaction (Y) at CV. Planet Supermarket Marpoyan Pekanbaru City. In the coefficient test, the R Square value is 0.043. This means that the contribution of the Influence of Procedural Justice (X) to Employee Satisfaction (Y) at CV. Planet Supermarket Marpoyan City of Pekanbaru is 4.3%. While the remaining 95.7% is influenced by other variables not described in this study

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of job demands on job stress and the moderating effects of job control and procedural justice. Specifically, first, the job demands were divided into quantitative demands and qualitative demands, and relative effects of the two demands on job stress were compared. Second, the moderating effects of job control and procedural justice were tested. Data were collected from 454 employees engaged in various domestic companies. The results showed that both quantitative and qualitative demands had positively significant effects on job stress and qualitative demands had a greater effect on job stress than quantitative demands did. The results of moderating effects showed that job control had a moderating effect on the relationship between quantitative demand and job stress whereas there was no moderating effect of job control on the relationship between qualitative demand and job stress. Also there was a moderating effect of procedural justice on the relationship between quantitative demand and job stress, but contrary to the hypothesis, the relationship was stronger when procedural justice was high. Finally, the academic significance and practical implications of the study, the limitations and future research were discussed.

PurposeProcedurally just policing positively affects legitimacy regardless of differences in some demographic and neighborhood characteristics. Yet, less is known about how critical citizen views of police influence the effect of procedural justice on legitimacy. Citizen Black Lives Matter (BLM) support is an indicator of views toward police and provides a useful measure to test the procedural justice invariance thesis. The purpose of this study is to examine if BLM support moderates the effect of procedural justice on legitimacy.Design/methodology/approachData from a survey experiment of Americans (n = 363) are used to explore whether BLM support moderates the effect of procedural justice on legitimacy.FindingsResults suggest BLM support is negatively associated with encounter-specific perceptions of police legitimacy and provides tentative evidence suggesting BLM support moderates the effect of the decision-making element of procedural justice on legitimacy. Specifically, the interaction suggests that at higher levels of BLM support, procedurally unjust decision-making reduces legitimacy. However, there was little erosion of legitimacy among BLM supporters during procedurally just encounters.Originality/valueThis study tests the procedural justice invariance thesis in a BLM context. Results support an association between BLM support and encounter-specific perceptions of police legitimacy and provide preliminary evidence that the effect of procedural justice on legitimacy may vary by levels of BLM support.

Indonesia is the third largest democracy in the world, in an effort to improve the quality of democracy, Law No. 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government and Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages were drafted. Development is expected to be carried out based on the authority of government organisations at the central level, provincial level, district level, sub-district level and village level. This study aims to investigate the effect of distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice on village apparatus engagement, investigate the effect of distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice on village apparatus performance, the effect of village apparatus engagement on village apparatus performance and the effect of distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice on village apparatus performance through village apparatus engagement. This study uses the following research methods: the research sample totalled 340 respondents with non-probability sampling technique, model measurement using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and structural test model using Stuctural Equation Model (SEM).The results showed that 1) distributive justice, procedural justice, interactional justice have a positive and significant influence on village apparatus attachment, 2) distributive justice, procedural justice, interactional justice have a positive and significant influence on village apparatus performance, 3) village apparatus engagementhas a positive and significant impact on village apparatus performance, 4) village apparatus engagementplays an important role as a mediator in influencing between distributive justice, procedural justice, interactional justice, and village apparatus performance. These findings suggest that an increase in justice within the village apparatus can strengthen the village apparatus' attachment, which in turn, improves its performance in carrying out the duties and responsibilities of the village apparatus.This research has important implications for village governance management. Village governments and other stakeholders may consider efforts to improve fairness in resource allocation and decision-making processes within the village apparatus. In addition, increasing the engagement of village apparatus members through the development of relationships among village apparatus members and ethical interactions may also improve their performance.

This research investigates how potential customers evaluate a company response to negative online reviews. Integrating the literature on perceived justice in service recovery, social presence in online communications, and signaling in trust formation process, this research examines the effects of procedural justice, interactional justice, and social presence in the company’s response to negative online reviews on potential customers’ trust and purchase intentions toward a company. A 2 × 2 × 2 between-subject experimental design is utilized, and 410 participants are recruited through a consumer panels firm. Main results include the three-way interaction effect of procedural justice, interactional justice, and social presence on trust and the mediating effect of trust. Social presence exacerbates the negative effects on trust when both interactional justice and procedural justice are low in the company response. However, the social presence effect becomes small in increasing trust when both interactional justice and procedural justice are high in the company response. Trust mediates the relationship between customer perceptions of company response and purchase intentions. This research provides practical implications for hospitality companies on how to effectively respond to negative online reviews.