Correction to: The Impacts of Reward Frequency and Reward Conditionality on Sustainable Use of Common Resources: a Stochastic Common Property Differential Game Model

discussed among the widerpublic. Pressure points in-cluding climate change,waterandfoodavailability,price surges for strategicraw materials, and peakingglobal oil supply are con-verging rapidly in an un-precedented manner. Thecurrent global patterns ofproduction and consump-tion are hitting the reallimitsofglobalecosystems.The global economy seems to be at a turningpoint where decisions are urgent while informa-tion is incomplete.The urgency of addressing issues of industrialmetabolism

Since entering the 21st century, computer Internet technology has made breakthrough progress. However, in the context of network resource sharing, computer network security issues have become more and more important. The endless network intrusions and attacks such as web viruses and hacker attacks have caused huge losses to the social economy and corporate costs. Therefore, the prevention of computer network security has become an urgent problem to be solved. The purpose of this article is to study the attack methods and prevention strategies of computer network security. This article first summarizes the common computer network security attacks from the aspects of information leakage, denial of service attacks, and hidden attacks, expounds related defense strategies, and designs a computer network security attack defense model based on stochastic differential games. This paper verifies through experiments that the strategy designed in this paper improves the detection accuracy and detection speed of network security intrusion. Experimental data shows that for nodes S1, S2, and S3, the traditional detection method takes 0.39 us, 0.52 us, and 0.53 us respectively; the node verification calculation time under the stochastic differential game model is 0.24 us, 0.46 us, and 0.41 us. It shows that the stochastic differential game model is beneficial to improve the detection speed of attacking nodes in network security.KeywordsNetwork securityNetwork attackAttack preventionOffensive and defensive game

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar cómo se lleva a cabo el uso y la gestión del recurso común, el bioma Pampa, en un colectivo de ganaderos familiares ubicados en los Departamentos de Maldonado y Rocha, en Uruguay. Este análisis es posible con el apoyo teórico de las propuestas de Elinor Ostrom con respecto a los sistemas socioecológicos. Los resultados señalan un alto potencial para la autoorganización comunitaria y la sostenibilidad en el uso tradicional de los recursos naturales. La acción colectiva ordenada entre instituciones estatales y organizaciones de productores privados ha fomentado acuerdos más eficientes, principalmente mediante el establecimiento de normas e incentivos para el uso sostenible de los recursos comunes. El caso estudiado se refiere a un grupo relativamente reciente que, sin embargo, demuestra un potencial y capacidades significativas para resolver problemas comunes y desarrollar formas de uso sostenible de los recursos naturales del sistema socioecológico del bioma Pampa.

The National Natural Park Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo, located in the Caribbean Sea, is one of the most important parks in Colombia since it hosts high biological biodiversity, receives more tourists than any other natural park in the country and provides sustenance to several communities settled in and around it. However, lack of governance and incompatibility of incentives among authorities, communities and visitors threaten its conservation and sustainability. Using experimental economic games with fisherman communities, we tested different rules related with the management of natural resources in the protected area. In addition to standard rules of communication and external regulation, we tested a rule called co-management, in which we explored the complementarities between repeated communication and external non-coercive authority intervention. We also tested inter temporal effects where over extraction (by the group) in a round reduces the availability of resource for next round and, in consequence, increases effort and reduces benefits for fishers. Results confirmed the effectiveness of communication and, to some extent, external regulation. More important than that, co-management treatment exhibit no matter the location of the communities with respect to the park- the best results in terms of sustainable use of the resource. Participants incorporated dynamic implications in their decisions when information asymmetries were overcome, through internal communication or external guidance. These results highlight the importance of resource management designs that recognize communities as key actors in decision making for the sustainable use and conservation of common pool resources in protected areas.

South African National Parks (SANParks) has a history of formal and informal natural resource use that is characterised by polarised views on national conservation interests and benefits to communities. Current efforts aim to determine the sustainability of existing resource use in parks and to formalise these activities through the development of resource use protocols. The resource use policy of SANParks outlines principles for sustainable resource use, including greater involvement of local communities in management of protected areas and an adaptive management approach to determining sustainable use levels. This paper examines three case studies on plant use in national parks with regard to the development of criteria and indicators for monitoring resource use, and the role of thresholds of potential concern in measuring effectiveness of managing for sustainable use levels. Opportunities and challenges for resource use management are identified. Findings show that platforms for discussion and knowledge sharing, including research committees and community associations, are critical to building relationships, trust and a shared vision of sustainable resource use between stakeholders. However, additional capacity building is needed to enable local community structures to manage internal social conflicts and jealousy, and to participate fully in monitoring efforts. Long-term monitoring is essential for developing flexible harvest prescriptions for plant use, but this is a time-consuming and resource-intensive exercise. Flexible management strategies are difficult to implement and sometimes command-and-control measures are necessary to protect rare or endangered species. A holistic approach that considers resource use in national parks as a complement to broader community development initiatives offers a way forward. Conservation implications: There is no blueprint for the development of sustainable resource use systems and resource use is often addressed according to multiple approaches in national parks. However, the SANParks resource use policy provides a necessary set of guiding principles for resource use management across the national park system that allows for monitoring progress.

South African National Parks (SANParks) has a history of formal and informal natural resource use that is characterised by polarised views on national conservation interests and benefits to communities. Current efforts aim to determine the sustainability of existing resource use in parks and to formalise these activities through the development of resource use protocols. The resource use policy of SANParks outlines principles for sustainable resource use, including greater involvement of local communities in management of protected areas and an adaptive management approach to determining sustainable use levels. This paper examines three case studies on plant use in national parks with regard to the development of criteria and indicators for monitoring resource use, and the role of thresholds of potential concern in measuring effectiveness of managing for sustainable use levels. Opportunities and challenges for resource use management are identified. Findings show that platforms for discussion and knowledge sharing, including research committees and community associations, are critical to building relationships, trust and a shared vision of sustainable resource use between stakeholders. However, additional capacity building is needed to enable local community structures to manage internal social conflicts and jealousy, and to participate fully in monitoring efforts. Long-term monitoring is essential for developing flexible harvest prescriptions for plant use, but this is a time-consuming and resource-intensive exercise. Flexible management strategies are difficult to implement and sometimes command-and-control measures are necessary to protect rare or endangered species. A holistic approach that considers resource use in national parks as a complement to broader community development initiatives offers a way forward.Conservation implications: There is no blueprint for the development of sustainable resource use systems and resource use is often addressed according to multiple approaches in national parks. However, the SANParks resource use policy provides a necessary set of guiding principles for resource use management across the national park system that allows for monitoring progress.

Participatory forest management has been globally studied and it has been argued that clearly defined boundaries for access of the community forest resources will lead to sustainable use of resources and enhanced sustainable livelihoods to the communities dependent on the forests for their survival. In contrast, however current studies indicate that while there are efforts to define spatial boundaries of resource use and the resource users within the community based forest management approaches, the definition of boundaries of resource use and resources users has proved more difficult, for instance when gathering relevant information and tools that can promote forest resource users partnerships,  engaging of different stakeholders, assisting local communities to organize, preparing for negotiations meetings, procedures, rules, logistics and equity considerations, negotiating for  the establishment of agreements and empowering  of the local communities. This book therefore provides a process that would guide the establishment of partnerships when establishing forest resources and resource users’ boundaries in order to enhance sustainable use of forest resources, mitigate conflicts and improve the livelihoods of communities depended on forests for their survival. Qualitative research design was employed in the book. All the forests involved in participatory forest management in Kenya namely: Keraite; Nyamweru, Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kakamega, Loita, and upper Imenti were selected for to provide information for writing the book. All the respondents were purposefully sampled from each category of interviewees namely: households living adjacent to the forest, various groups that are working in or with the communities in the management of the forest resources. Policy makers from government and a group of experts e.g. head of various government ministries and Non-Governmental organizations. To collect data semi-structured interviews were done for the respondents. All the data collected was analyzed through coding and grouping similar important ideas or phenomena from the research and then used for writing the book. It is explained in the book that functional partnerships, forest resources and resource user’s boundaries are needed for effective community participation in forest management. It is recommended that broad understanding of boundaries is a pre-requisite to ensure that community and other stakeholders appreciate resource use and the resource users within the community based forest management approaches so as to facilitate sustainable use of forest resources and enhanced community livelihoods of the forest dependent communities.

The rapid population and industrial growth in Zimbabwe has resulted in land degradation and negative impacts on the human and physical environment. The primary purpose of this chapter was to find out the various indigenous environmental management practices available in Chimanimani that can be adopted by other communities in the conservation and sustainable use of resources. Secondly, the study explored Indigenous Knowledge (IK) and environmental management practices that can be integrated in the teaching of Geography in secondary schools, in order to ensure there is sustainable use of resources for the current and future generations. The study was guided by Edward Said (1978) post-colonial theory. An interpretive research paradigm was adopted in the community case study. Data were generated through a documentary analysis of the Form 1–4 (2015–2022) Geography syllabus, individual and group WhatsApp chats with Geography teachers and face-to-face interviews with community indigenous environment experts. The population sample consisted of ten (10) Geography teachers drawn from three (3) secondary schools and (6) community elders who were purposively sampled from the Chimanimani community. Data were analysed by generating thick descriptions and themes. The study revealed that the Chimanimani community has cultural practices that can be adopted in the conservation of resources. The research further exposed that IK related to environmental management can be integrated in the teaching of Geography in secondary schools in order to enhance sustainable use and environmental management of resources. The study recommends the integration of Indigenous and Eurocentric models in the conservation and sustainable management of resources. The incorporation of more indigenous environmental management practices in the Geography curriculum in secondary schools can help to inculcate a culture of environmental conservation among learners and communities.KeywordsIndigenous Knowledge (IK)IntegrationEnvironmental ManagementChimanimani communityGeographySustainable

This paper constructs a non-cooperative/cooperative stochastic differential game model to prove that the optimal strategies trajectory of agents in a system with a topological configuration of a Multi-Local-World graph would converge into a certain attractor if the system’s configuration is fixed. Due to the economics and management property, almost all systems are divided into several independent Local-Worlds, and the interaction between agents in the system is more complex. The interaction between agents in the same Local-World is defined as a stochastic differential cooperative game; conversely, the interaction between agents in different Local-Worlds is defined as a stochastic differential non-cooperative game. We construct a non-cooperative/cooperative stochastic differential game model to describe the interaction between agents. The solutions of the cooperative and non-cooperative games are obtained by invoking corresponding theories, and then a nonlinear operator is constructed to couple these two solutions together. At last, the optimal strategies trajectory of agents in the system is proven to converge into a certain attractor, which means that strategies trajectory are certainty as time tends to infinity or a large positive integer. It is concluded that the optimal strategy trajectory with a nonlinear operator of cooperative/non-cooperative stochastic differential game between agents can make agents in a certain Local-World coordinate and make the Local-World payment maximize, and can make the all Local-Worlds equilibrated; furthermore, the optimal strategy of the coupled game can converge into a particular attractor that decides the optimal property.

A global indicator of utilized wildlife populations: Regional trends and the impact of management

The topic of a sustainable use of natural resources, often understood as resource efficiency, has made its way up on the political agenda. But so far a fundamental change towards a sustainable use of resources has not been achieved. Not only the resource consumption is still growing and destroying more and more the ecosystems but also too often the exploitation of natural resources is still a story of violation of human rights and of intra- and intergenerational unfairness. This chapter describes in a first step the current resource policy landscape, then identifies challenges on the way to further progress and finally outlines next steps for addressing the challenges of the management of natural resources in the context of sustainable development. The analysis of the resource policy landscape shows three clusters of resource policies. The more operational the approaches are the more they are neglecting the inter-linkages amongst the various natural resources and/or the general requirements of sustainability. The challenge is to broaden the perspective of these more implementation oriented resource efficiency concepts into approaches which manage natural resources within a framework of sufficiency, fairness and responsibility, consistency and resilience. Important steps are seen in deeply rooting these principles into the public and private sector, in changing the institutional settings towards a more sustainable resource management. But also in a more systemic thinking, which addresses the nexus of the various resources and in implementing sustainable resource use in the civil society as a practice of daily life.

A stochastic differential game theory modeling and analyzing for Multi-Local-Worlds graph directed

This paper considers the overgrazing problem in low income countries, paying special attention to the joint influence of the economic and natural “environments” within which livestock farmers operate. The context is the argument that liberalisation of agricultural product markets will encourage the sustainable use of environmental resources. The paper explores the link between economic conditions and ecologically sustainable use of resources in semi-arid lands, using an infinite-horizon stochastic control range management model. The approach makes it possible to establish, for any given initial conditions, whether there exists an optimal policy that is ecologically sustainable under those conditions, and what economic environment and initial endowments would be sustainable.

The sustainable use of common pool resources (CPRs) such as fisheries constitutes a major challenge for society. A large body of empirical studies conducted in discrete time indicates that resource users are able to prevent the ‘tragedy of the commons' under institutional arrangements that can promote cooperation. However, the variability exhibited by the human behaviour and the dynamic nature of renewable resources require continuous time experiments to fully explain the mechanisms underpinning the sustainable use of resources. We conducted CPR experiments in continuous time to investigate how the extraction behaviour of resource users changes in real-time in response to changes in resource availability under communication and no communication. We find that when communication is allowed, users adjust their extraction efforts based on knowledge of previous resource availability. In contrast, when communication is not allowed, users do not incorporate resource availability into their utility function. These results suggest that communication does not merely provide a forum for coordination but mediates a causal relationship between resource levels and extraction behaviour. Our findings may help the development of effective resource management policies.

Sustainable development is an important topic of urban research. The rational use of land resources is of great significance for urban development and is conducive to promoting regional governance and coordinated development. The purpose of this study was to construct an effective evaluation framework for urban land resources to maintain sustainable urban development. Taking the cities along the Jiangsu Section of the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal as the research object, this study constructed an evaluation system for the sustainable use of land resources including the dimensions of economic level, social development, and environmental resources. The statistical data for 2010, 2015, and 2020 were selected to comprehensively calculate and evaluate the level of sustainable use of land resources in the study area via the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-entropy combined weight method, which combines the analytic hierarchy process and the entropy weight method. According to the research results, the sustainable use of land resources in the study area presented an overall upward trend from 2010 to 2015, and an overall downward trend from 2015 to 2020. Overall, the study area was in a critically sustainable stage, although the annual change rate of the level of sustainable use of land resources showed significant fluctuations and exhibited a spatial pattern of progressive increase from north to south. The cities in southern Jiangsu were in the initially sustainable and basically sustainable stages; those in central Jiangsu were in the critically sustainable and initially sustainable stages; and those in northern Jiangsu were in the unsustainable and critically sustainable stages. This study proposed a scientific and effective evaluation method for cities along the Grand Canal to explore the efficient, sustainable use of land resources in the future. The evaluation framework constructed on this basis can serve as an important reference for urban governance and is expected to guide the sustainable use and development of land resources for other cities of the same type.