Correction to: The association of self-reported awake bruxism and sleep bruxism with temporomandibular pain and dysfunction in adult patients with temporomandibular disorders.

To investigate the association of the severity of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain and dysfunction with the frequency of self-reported awake bruxism (AB), sleep bruxism (SB), and stress in an adult TMD-patient population. This cross-sectional study included 237 TMD patients based on the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. Age, sex, frequency of self-reported AB and SB, and stress were included as independent variables. TMD pain and TMD dysfunction were included as dependent variables in regression analyses. Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were used to predict TMD pain and TMD dysfunction in two separate models. Finally, network analysis was performed to investigate the associations between all variables. In the univariate analyses, TMD pain was significantly associated with self-reported AB-frequent (unstandardized coefficient (B) = 3.196, 95%CI 1.198-5.195, p = 0.002). TMD dysfunction was significantly associated with AB-frequent (B = 2.208, 95%CI 0.177-4.238, p = 0.033) and SB-sometimes (B = 1.698, 95%CI 0.001-3.394, p = 0.050). In the multivariable analyses, TMD pain was significantly associated with TMD dysfunction (B = 0.370, p < 0.001), stress (B=0.102, p < 0.001). TMD dysfunction was significantly associated with TMD pain (B = 0.410, p < 0.001) only. Network analysis showed that TMD pain is a bridge factor between AB, stress, and TMD dysfunction. TMD pain is directly associated with AB, stress, and TMD dysfunction, while TMD dysfunction is only associated with TMD pain. Reducing pain may improve pain-related dysfunction, and the management of AB and stress may improve TMD pain and dysfunction, and vice versa.

The treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) often includes the management of sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB). However, few studies have investigated how SB and AB change after the initiation of the interventions aimed at reducing the activity of masticatory muscles in TMD patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in self-reported SB and/or AB with regard to baseline at 6 weeks after receiving TMD treatment, i.e., counseling alone or counseling combined with any other treatment, and to investigate the association between the type of TMD treatment and changes in self-reported SB and/or AB. A total of 68 TMD patients were included in this prospective study, and they all received counseling. Thirty-three of the 68 patients received additional treatment, e.g., physical therapy, psychological therapy and/or an oral appliance, beside counseling. The self-reported SB and AB frequency values were obtained from the Oral Behavior Checklist (OBC) questionnaire at baseline (t0) and at week 6 after receiving treatment (t1). The frequency of SB and AB was assessed as SB, AB-grinding, AB-clenching, AB-bracing, and AB-combined (i.e., the maximum frequency of all AB types combined). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the SB and AB frequency at t0 and t1 in patients who received counseling alone and those who received counseling combined with other treatment. The χ2 test was used to investigate the association between the type of TMD treatment and changes in SB and/or AB. The frequency of self-reported SB and all types of AB did not change in patients who received counseling only. In contrast, there was a significant increase in the frequency of AB-bracing and AB-combined between t0 and t1 in patients who received counseling combined with other treatment. No changes in the frequency of self-reported SB and all types of AB were found in patients who received counseling only. However, patients who received counseling combined with other treatment showed a significant increase in the frequency of AB-bracing and AB-combined as compared to baseline.

It was hypothesized that an individual’s chronotype profile has an effect on the performance of work or study tasks. Dental students have to cope with both academic and clinical workloads, and the latter requires extra concentration. The first aim was to evaluate the association of sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB) with sleep related items, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) complaints, and chronotype profile; the second aim was to evaluate the association between complaints of TMD and chronotype profile among dental students. The present cross-sectional descriptive study involved 218 dental students whose ages ranged between 18 and 30 years. In order to gather data, students were required to respond to a questionnaire, which aimed to evaluate possible SB and possible AB occurrence and demographics, sleep-related items and complaints of TMD. For the assessment of the chronotype profile, the morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) was used. The chi-square test, the Mann–Whitney U test, and t-test analyses were performed to evaluate the factors associated with SB, AB and chronotype profile. The frequency of self-reported SB was 25.2% and AB was 28.9%. The prevalence in the eveningness profile who reported possible AB was 45.3%, while it was 24.2% in intermediate individuals and 18.8% in the morningness profile. An association was also found between possible AB and eveningness chronotype profile (p = .009). No association was found between other temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain and noise and chronotype profiles (p > .05). An association was found between possible AB and eveningness chronotype profile but no association was found between possible SB and chronotype profile. Moreover, complaint of TMD (face, head, neck pain) was observed particularly in students with an eveningness profile.

Bruxism, Lifestyle, Anxiety, and Sleep Impairment in Dental Students.

Swallowing patterns in human subjects with and without temporomandibular dysfunction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between self-reported sleep bruxism and the age, gender, clinical subtypes of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), pain intensity and grade of chronic pain in patients previously diagnosed with TMD. Thousand two-hundred and twenty patients of the Andalusian Health Service were examined using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) questionnaire. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were those included in the RDC/TMD criteria. The bruxism diagnosis was drawn from the question, 'Have you been told, or do you notice that you grind your teeth or clench your jaw while sleeping at night?' in the anamnestic portion of the questionnaire. A bivariate analysis was conducted, comparing the presence of perceived parafunctional activity with age (over age 60 and under age 60), gender, different subtypes of TMD, pain intensity, grade of chronic pain and presence of self-perceived locked joints. The overall prevalence of self-reported sleep bruxism (SB) was 54.51%. A statistically significant association was found between the presence of SB and patients under age 60, women, greater pain intensity, greater pain interference with activities of daily living, and the axis-I groups affected by both muscular and articular pathology. There is a statistically significant association between self-reported sleep bruxism and women under age 60 who have painful symptoms of TMD. There is also a positive association between this parafunctional habit and the presence of chronic pain. However, more studies that cover larger samples and differentiate between sleep bruxism and awake bruxism are needed.

Introduction: Sleep and awake bruxism are potential risk factors for oral hard tissue damage, failure of dental restorations and/or temporomandibular disorders. Identifying the determinants of sleep and awake bruxism among adolescents will enable development of preventive interventions for those at risk.Objectives: To determine emotional, behavioral and physiological associations of sleep and awake bruxism among Israeli adolescents.Methods: Two thousand nine hundred ninety-three Israeli high school students, from five different high schools in Israel, were approached in the classroom and requested to complete online questionnaires on sleep and awake bruxism, emotional aspects, smoking, alcohol consumption, oral habits, facial pain, and masticatory disturbances. The final study sample concerning awake and sleep bruxism included 2,347 participants.Results: 1,019 (43.4%) participants reported not experiencing any form of bruxism (neither sleep nor awake), 809 (34.5%) reported awake bruxism, 348 (14.8%) reported sleep bruxism and 171 (7.3%) reported both sleep and awake bruxism. Multivariate analyses (Generalized Linear Model with a binary logistic dependent variable) showed that one of the prominent variables affecting the occurrence of sleep bruxism was anxiety (mild, moderate and severe anxiety, Odds Ratios (OR) of 1.38, 2.08, and 2.35, respectively). Other variables associated with sleep bruxism were stress (each point in the stress scale increased the risk of SB by 3.2%), temporomandibular symptoms (OR = 2.17) and chewing difficulties (OR = 2.35). Neck pain showed a negative association (OR = 0.086). Multivariate analyses for awake bruxism showed an effect of moderate anxiety (OR = 1.6). Other variables associated with awake bruxism were stress (each point in stress scale increased the risk of AB by 3.3%), high and low levels of facial pain (OR = 2.94 and 1.53, respectively), creaks (OR = 1.85) and oral habits (OR = 1.36). Sleep bruxism was found to be a predictor for awake bruxism, and vice versa. In both cases ORs were 8.14.Conclusions: Among adolescents, sleep and awake bruxism are associated with emotional aspects as well as with facial pain symptoms and/or masticatory system disturbances. Awareness is recommended to decrease potential risks to teeth, dental restorations, and the masticatory system.

Temporomandibular disorders

To study the association between dental malocclusions and temporomandibular joint dysfunction.To study the association between dental malocclusions and condylar position.To study the association between temporomandibular (TM) joint dysfunction and condylar position. The subjects were divided into four groups for dental malocclusions viz. class I malocclusion with or without TM dysfunction, class II division 1 malocclusion with or without TM dysfunction, class II division 2 malocclusion with or without TM dysfunction and class III malocclusion with or without TM dysfunction. Once the patient fulfilled the criteria, the presence or absence of signs of TM dysfunction were elicited from the patient. It shows the association between TM dysfunction signs and left and right condylar positions. It shows the association between TM dysfunction symptom and left and right condylar positions. It shows the association between dental malocclusions and TM dysfunction signs and symptom. It shows the association between dental malocclusions and left and right condylar positions. There was an association between TM dysfunction signs and left and right condylar positions. But, there was no association between TM dysfunction symptoms and left and right condylar positions. There was an association between dental malocclusions and TM dysfunction signs. But there was no association between dental malocclusions and TM dysfunction symptoms. There was an association between dental malocclusions and left condylar position, but there was no association between dental malocclusion and right condylar position. This study indicates that malocclusions and factors of condylar position should be seen as merely cofactors in the sense of one piece of the mosaic in the multifactorial problem of TM dysfunction. TM dysfunction factors that showed significant effects to various malocclusions through this study . This study shows clinical significance of association of various types of dental malocclusions to different conylar positions and TM dysfunction signs and symptoms. Before treating orthodontic patients, one should evaluate and treat the TM disorders for better prognosis.

Introduction. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an anatomically and biomechanically complex structure, essential for critical functions such as chewing, breathing, verbal and non-verbal communication, and facial expressions. The term “temporomandibular joint disorders” encompasses a range of conditions characterized by pain with diverse, often polymorphic, manifestations. Purpose of this study is to analyze the trends and directions in publications on the diagnosis of painful temporomandibular joint disorders from 2017 to 2024 (up to March 31, 2024) across international and Ukrainian scientific resources. Materials and methods. We used the bibliosemantic method, the methods of the system approach and content analysis. We searched for scientific publications for the period from 2017 to 2024 as of 03/31/2024 in Google Academy and Medline (accessed via PubMed) using the following words and their combinations: “dysfunctional temporomandibular joint conditions” and “temporomandibular joint dysfunction”, “temporomandibular dysfunction and condylare position”, “temporomandibular dysfunction and classification”. Inclusion criteria were as follows: a) studies aimed at evaluating the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint; b) studies conducted with cone beam computed tomography images; c) research on humans; d) data of persons aged 18 to 60 years. Exclusion criteria were as follows: a) clinical cases; b) discussions; c) research with the participation of children and adolescents (under the age of 18). Results. For the period 2017-2024 (as of 31.03.2024), the main research topics on the painful form of temporomandibular joint dysfunction are the following: the prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders (11 publications), the influence factors of the dysfunction development of the temporomandibular joint (42 publications), the improvement of existing and the search for new diagnostic criteria (17 publications); the anatomical and the morphological features of the temporomandibular join as the development predictors for the temporomandibular joint dysfunction (20 publications); search for new models for predicting the course and effectiveness of treatment for temporomandibular join dysfunction (4 publications). Conclusion. Researchers have primarily focused on examining factors influencing the clinical progression of temporomandibular joint dysfunction, accounting for 44.7% of all publications. Studies on anatomical and morphological features as predictors of temporomandibular joint dysfunction, along with new predictive models, remain contentious and highlight the need for further investigation.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible relationship between the presence/absence of the self-reported sleep and/or awake bruxism and the chronotype profiles of dental students. Materials and Methods: The dental students at Istanbul Medipol University and Istanbul Medeniyet University in the fall semester of the 2020-2021 academic year participated in this study. Along with demographic data, an 11-item questionnaire evaluating sleep quality and self-reported sleep and awake bruxism, and a 19-question Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) determining the chronotypes were applied. The significance level was set at P≤ 0.05 for statistical analysis. Results: 171 students (female:128, 74.9%; male:43, 25.1%) participated in the study. The mean age was 22.32.2. There was no statistical difference between the presence or absence of the bruxism types and the chronotype profiles of the students (P=0.815). The sleep quality in the students with the sleep bruxism was statistically lower than in other types of the bruxism (P&amp;lt;0.05). The participants with the sleep bruxism were statistically more likely to have difficulty concentrating on the daily activities than the participants with other types of the bruxism (P&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusions: There is no relationship between the presence or absence of the bruxism types and the chronotype profiles. However, the sleep bruxism negatively affects both the sleep quality and focusing on the daily activities.

Aim This study assessed the prevalence and severity of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) in the absence or presence of teeth of participants in Najran region in comparison with other adult participants in other regions with respect to gender differences and age. Furthermore, it investigates the frequency of symptoms of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) by clinical examination. Materials and methods The total number of participants was 318 of both genders randomly selected for this study. The participants were divided into three age groups: 14 to 20, 21 to 40, and ≥41 years. The study was based on Fonseca's Anamnestic Index and its questionnaire, which is composed of 10 questions and classifies the severity of TMD. Clinical examination was performed for the patients to investigate the sign of TMJ dysfunctions. The obtained data were coded and entered into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program for analysis using Chi-square test at significance level of 5%. Results The participants with mild TMD dysfunction were 35.5%, whereas 18.6 and 3.5% were classified as moderate and severe TMD dysfunction respectively. The most reported TMD problems were related to poor articulation of teeth (23.9 and 25.5%), followed by frequent headache (15.1 and 33.6%), then grinding of teeth (15.4 and 34.9%) in “Yes” and “sometimes” answers respectively. The highest TMJ disorder was a frequent headache at 55.3%, followed by TMJ clicking at 21.1%. The remaining TMJ dysfunctions ranged between 11 and 13%. There was no significant difference between TMDs and gender (p ≤0.306). However, the severity of TMDs increased with increasing age (p ≤0.001) and was associated with tooth loss (p ≤ 0.000). Conclusion The majority of the participants had mild-tomoderate TMDs and they were found among the middle-age group. The severity of TMDs increased with age and was associated with tooth loss. No significant difference between males and females was found. The most reported TMD problems were related to the poor articulation of teeth, frequent headache, and grinding of teeth, while a headache followed by clicking of TMJ was the highest clinical TMJ disorder. How to cite this article Aldhalai MA, Alyami YAS, Al Haider YMB, Aldhili MK, Alyami DAS, Alyami SAS, Al-Moaleem MM, Alghazali N. Prevalence and Severity of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders among Populations in Najran Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. World World J Dent 2017;8(2):90-95.

Different association between specific manifestations of bruxism and temporomandibular disorder pain

Relevance. In recent years, many have been devoted to the problem of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases, in which the attention is paid to the widespread pathology of TMJ in young people, which develops against the background of the genetically-determined weakness of connective tissue (CTs), which is also the present occurrence of various concomitant diseases of polygenic-multifactorial nature, including the organs of the urinary system (US). The study of the state of the iris is used as a screening technique that allows you to quickly, simply, harmlessly, informatively, painlessly, non-invasively diagnose the genetically determined structural and functional state and quality of the CTs. Objective. To investigate the iris changes in patients with TMJ and US diseases, to reveal the dependence of the occurrence of degenerative-dystrophic and destructive-inflammatory changes in the joints and US on the structural and functional state of the CTs, to supplement the known traditional methods of diagnosing genetically determined CTs weakness. Materials and methods. The study involved 54 patients (men – 14, women – 40), whose average age was 37.3±7.6 years, who were treated at the Dental Medical Center of the Bogomolets NMU. Control group – 22 patients (men – 10, women – 12) without general somatic pathology, with a physiological bite, without signs of TMJ diseases, whose average age was 25.7±6.8 years. Main group – 22 patients (men – 4, women – 28) with TMJ diseases and US pathology, whose average age was 31.6±7.7 years. Iridobiomicroscopy was performed in patients of both groups. Iridogenetic constitutional signs were determined: the color of eyes, constitutional type after E.S. Velkhover, type with the connective tissue weakness after I. Deck, the density of iris stoma. The obtained laboratory data were referenced in the International System of Units and processed by variational statistics using MedStat and EZR v.1.35 (Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan, 2017), which is a graphical interface to RFSC (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Results. Among the examined patients with TMJ diseases and MVS pathology, 75% showed predominantly light eye color and V degree (46.9%) of iris stroma density, in the control group: dark iris color (54.5%) and II degree (68.2%) of iris density. Iridogenetic constitutional signs of the CT weakness in the patients with TMJ diseases have been determined: the light color of eyes, radial-lacunar constitutional type after E.S. Velkhover (75%), lymphatic constitutional type with the connective tissue weakness after I. Deck (57,9%). Structural local or chromatic changes of the iris stroma in the projection region of the kidney (75%) and bladder (43.6%) in young patients with TMJ diseases showed a congenital weakness of the CTs of these organs and a tendency to develop pathology of the US. Conclusions. Patients with degenerative-dystrophic and destructive-inflammatory diseases of the TMJ and concomitant US pathology are characterized by iridogenetic constitutional signs of the CTs weakness in the patients with TMJ diseases have been determined: the light color of eyes, radial-lacunar constitutional type after E.S. Velkhover, low degree of iris stroma density, lymphatic constitutional type with the connective tissue weakness after I. Deck. Structural local or chromatic changes of the iris stroma in the projection region of the kidney and bladder in young patients with TMJ diseases showed a congenital weakness of the CTs of these organs and a tendency to develop pathology of the US. It can be assumed that the development of TMJ diseases in young patients is based on dysplastic changes in the CTs system, which is additionally manifested in the examined patients by pathological changes in the US. Iridobiomicroscopy, as a screening technique for determining the structural and functional state of CTs, makes it possible to increase the accuracy of diagnostics when examining patients with TMJ diseases who have concomitant pathology of internal organs, including US.

Sleep bruxism (SB), primarily involving rhythmic grinding of the teeth during sleep, has been advanced as a causal or maintenance factor for a variety of oro-facial problems, including temporomandibular disorders (TMD). As laboratory polysomnographic (PSG) assessment is extremely expensive and time-consuming, most research testing this belief has relied on patient self-report of SB. The current case-control study examined the accuracy of those self-reports relative to laboratory-based PSG assessment of SB in a large sample of women suffering from chronic myofascial TMD (n= 124) and a demographically matched control group without TMD (n=46). A clinical research coordinator administered a structured questionnaire to assess self-reported SB. Participants then spent two consecutive nights in a sleep laboratory. Audiovisual and electromyographic data from the second night were scored to assess whether participants met criteria for the presence of 2 or more (2+) rhythmic masticatory muscle activity episodes accompanied by grinding sounds, moderate SB, or severe SB, using previously validated research scoring standards. Contingency tables were constructed to assess positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity and specificity, and 95% confidence intervals surrounding the point estimates. Results showed that self-report significantly predicted 2+ grinding sounds during sleep for TMD cases. However, self-reported SB failed to significantly predict the presence or absence of either moderate or severe SB as assessed by PSG, for both cases and controls. These data show that self-report of tooth grinding awareness is highly unlikely to be a valid indicator of true SB. Studies relying on self-report to assess SB must be viewed with extreme caution.