Abstract
Lower extremity angular deformities in children are relatively common problems encountered by pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. When pathologic, multiple treatment options are available for both skeletally immature and mature patients. This article reviewed and synthesized recent advances in the treatment of lower extremity angular deformities in children. Age-related normative data for the evolution of the mechanical axis of the lower extremity has recently been published for pediatric patients. Although no recent randomized controlled trials concerning angular deformity correction are available, there are a significant number of recent case series using different methods with good results. The principles of pathologic deformity correction remain the same, with hemiepiphysiodesis in the skeletally immature patient and osteotomy in the skeletally mature patient to restore the mechanical limb axis and knee joint alignment to normal values. Newer treatment strategies include reversible hemiepiphysiodesis with modular internal fixation in the skeletally immature patient and gradual multiplanar correction with the aid of computer analysis in both skeletally immature and mature patients. Newer techniques of angular deformity correction may offer decreased complications with increased safety and precision of correction.
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