Abstract

Correction: Modeling Future Conservation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers by Mosquito Management and Translocation of Disease-Tolerant Amakihi

Highlights

  • More than one-third of all U.S listed bird species occur in Hawaii, and 71 Hawaiian birds have gone extinct since humans colonized the islands [1]

  • In mid-elevation forests with feral pigs, our model predicts that density of adult and infectious mosquitoes change in proportion to the carrying capacity for larval mosquitoes and in response to climate (Fig. 3)

  • For baseline climate, simulated prevalence of infectious mosquitoes stabilizes at a low rate despite increases in larval habitat and mosquito density, suggesting mosquito infection rates may reach an equilibrium that depends on the biting rate, probability of transmission from birds to susceptible mosquitoes, and parasite development rates

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Summary

Introduction

More than one-third of all U.S listed bird species occur in Hawaii, and 71 Hawaiian birds have gone extinct since humans colonized the islands [1]. The endemic Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae) are susceptible to avian malaria, have one of the highest rates of extinction in the world [3], and many species survive mainly in higher elevation forests that serve as disease refugia [2]. Due to the steep slopes of many Hawaiian Islands, temperature and rainfall changes quickly, creating altitudinal differences in malaria transmission [2,8,9] that are characterized by rapid endemic transmission in warm, low-elevation forests to seasonal epidemics in cooler mid-elevations, and little malaria transmission at highelevations [7]. Global warming is likely to expand the distribution of malaria into high-elevation forests, decreasing the disease-free refuge for Hawaiian honeycreepers [8,9] and further reducing avian populations

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