Correction: Development of a process model of posttraumatic growth in psychosis: a qualitative study.

Numerous studies have documented the negative psychological outcomes in individuals who experienced Hurricane Katrina. However, little is known about the long-term adjustment of hurricane-exposed individuals, especially with regard to positive outcomes, in the years after the storm. Specifically, few studies have measured posttraumatic growth (PTG), which refers to positive psychological change achieved by individuals who struggled with a traumatic experience. In their model of PTG, Tedeschi and Calhoun theorize that a certain level of trauma-related psychological distress and disruption is necessary for PTG to develop. The current study attempted to test the PTG model with a longitudinal path analysis of hurricane-exposed women. Results indicated that posttraumatic stress predicted general emotional distress at two distinct times. However, posttraumatic stress levels did not decrease with time as expected. PTG accounted for very little in the model. Posttraumatic stress symptoms did not predict future PTG, and PTG did not result in reduced levels of posttraumatic stress or emotional distress. Several possible explanations for these surprising results, including the lack of anticipated recovery, are discussed.

Background and aims: Post-traumatic growth refers to the positive psychological changes experienced after an incident. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is seen as a traumatic incident that impacts many aspects of a person's life. The present study aimed to investigate the association between perceived social support and mental health with the post-traumatic growth model through the mediating role of coping strategies in COVID-19 recovered patients. Methods: This study was conducted using a path analysis method from the correlation matrix. The research population included all COVID-19 recovered patients in Golestan Province. Using the convenience sampling method, 300 patients who recovered from COVID-19 were selected. The research instruments included the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory, the General Health Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. The data was analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM) using SPSS and AMOS software version 25. Results: The findings revealed that the suggested model fit the data. The relationship between post-traumatic growth, perceived social support, and mental health with problem-focused coping strategies were positive and significant (P<0.01). The relations between mental health and perceived social support with post-traumatic growth were positive and significant. Post-traumatic growth and perceived social support had a negative and significant relationship with emotion-focused strategies (P<0.01). Furthermore, the relationship between mental health and emotion-focused strategies was not significant. Conclusion: Mental health, perceived social support, and problem-focused strategies play an essential role in COVID-19 patients' post-traumatic growth. As a result, they might be helpful in minimizing the psychological impact of COVID-19.

Some people with psychosis experience posttraumatic growth (PTG). PTG is defined as positive psychological changes which occurs after the experience of trauma or adversity, following an emotive struggle with the experience. There is some research into the process and domains of PTG in psychosis. However, limitations of the existing evidence base include a focus on experiences of first-episode psychosis, exclusive inclusion of participants who currently use clinical mental health services, and an emphasis on individual-level facilitators. Increasingly, psychosis is considered as a dimensional construct. The aim of this study was to address these gaps by using a dimensional understanding of psychosis to investigate the process of PTG in psychosis, and to validate the PROSPER framework. Semi-structured qualitative interviews about the experience of PTG were conducted with 25 individuals with diagnosed or self-reported experiences of psychosis who self-identify with having experiences of PTG. Inductive and deductive thematic analysis was used to identify PTG processes, mechanisms and outcomes. Participants described the experience of psychosis as a disruption to an individual's life course, which is moderated by personal and trauma factors. All participants could describe experiences of PTG, but some participants reported difficulty identifying current experiences of PTG, indicating that PTG is a dynamic process. The process from the experience of psychosis to PTG was influenced by two mechanisms: cognitive factors and social/societal factors. All seven domains of the PROSPER framework were validated. Experiencing PTG in psychosis is possible. Further research to quantify the effects of mechanisms utilising longitudinal designs would assist to strengthen the evidence base. Interventions to support PTG in psychosis are indicated, targeting both individual and population levels.

The post-traumatic growth (PTG) model proposes that cognitive processing is a key mechanism that leads to growth in the aftermath of traumatic events. Building upon the PTG model, the present study examined the paths from the disruption of core beliefs to post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and PTG via intrusive and deliberate rumination. The sample includes 370 Korean undergraduate students who reported at least one highly stressful experience in their lifetime. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that disruption of core beliefs predicted PTG both directly and indirectly through multiple pathways: via deliberate rumination, intrusive rumination, and the path from intrusive to deliberate rumination. The disruption of core beliefs positively predicted PTSS only through intrusive rumination. No bivariate relationship was found between PTSS and PTG. These findings support the different roles of intrusive rumination and deliberate rumination in mediating the paths from disruption of core beliefs to PTSS and PTG. Implications and limitations of this study were discussed.

Purpose: The development of post-traumatic growth was studied longitudinally within 14 months poststroke. The predictions of two models of post-traumatic growth were examined.Method: Forty-three stroke survivors were investigated at two time points (i.e., time 1 and time 2), six months apart. Each completed the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, Rumination Scale, Impact of Events Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Social Support, the Barthel Index and the COPE scale.Results: Post-traumatic growth was evident four to five months after stroke, increasing significantly over the next six months at which point levels resembled those reported in cross-sectional stroke studies. Active and denial coping and rumination at time 1 were positively associated, and age was negatively associated, with post-traumatic growth at time 2, but acceptance coping was not associated. Neither active coping nor rumination mediated the effect of social support on post-traumatic growth as predicted. As predicted, rumination mediated the relationship between post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth. Exploratory stepwise regression demonstrated rumination and active coping at time 1 accounted for 45% of variance in post-traumatic growth at time 2.Conclusions: Post-traumatic growth can develop soon after stroke. Deliberate rumination is a key factor in post-traumatic growth. Both active coping and denial coping were associated with post-traumatic growth demonstrating the psychological complexity of poststroke adjustment.Implications for rehabilitationTherapists can expect stroke survivors to show post-traumatic growth in the first months after stroke.Therapists should look to promote post-traumatic growth and positive adjustment through working with survivors to increase active coping (attempts to deal effectively with the impact of stroke) and rumination (cognitive processing of the impact of the stroke).Since denial coping was also associated with posttraumatic growth, stroke survivors who maintain overly optimistic views about the severity and impact of their stroke are likely to benefit from therapists continually facilitating capacity for growth and well-being.

This study aimed to develop and test a model for posttraumatic growth among cured patients with COVID-19. This model was based on Calhoun and Tedeschi's Posttraumatic Growth model and a literature review. The participants comprised 223 patients cured from COVID-19 who were ≥ 19 years of age. The data were collected through an online questionnaire from March 21 to 24, 2022. The assessment tools included the Impact of Event Scale: Revised Korean version, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Distress Disclosure Index, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Korean version of the Event-related Rumination Inventory, and the Korean version of the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS version 24.0 and IBM AMOS 26.0. The modified model showed appropriate goodness of fit (χ² = 369.90, χ²/degree of freedom = 2.09, SRMR = .09, RMESA = .07, CFI = .94, TLI = .93). The post-traumatic growth of cured patients with COVID-19 was explained through distress perception, self-disclosure, and deliberate rumination, with the explanatory power being 70.0%. This study suggests preparing a disaster psychology program involving experts who can activate deliberate rumination is necessary. Further, this study may serve as basic data for developing a program to enhance the post-traumatic growth of patients cured from COVID-19.

While most of the research on childhood sexual abuse has rightfully focused on negative outcomes, it is worth understanding how some individuals can thrive after experiencing trauma. A conceptual model of post-traumatic growth proposes that individuals can experience positive changes post-trauma through the process of recovery. The model incorporates social, psychological, and cognitive factors to describe the process of post-traumatic growth, and studies have provided empirical evidence in support of the model among adult and child survivors of diverse types of trauma. However, we contend that the model is insufficient to describe the post-traumatic growth among child survivors of sexual abuse and therefore present a revised model of post-traumatic growth that considers attachment style, gender, and time since trauma. The implications for research and clinical interventions are discussed.

This theoretical review proposes a three-phase process model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG). By combining trauma-related theories, emotional regulation theories, social support theories, and empirical study findings to elucidate the mechanisms underlying PTSD and PTG, we then propose our model. The proposed model highlights the dynamic characteristics of the PTSD and PTG developmental processes as well as their coexistence and places equal emphasis on the roles of cognitive and emotional activities and social support in three distinct dynamic phases of PTSD and PTG. It emphasizes that PTSD and PTG share similar prerequisites but that these two outcomes later diverge and ultimately manifest via three distinct phases. The specific roles of cognitive regulation, emotional regulation, and social support, and the potential theoretical and practical implications of this model, are discussed. This integrative and dynamic process model has the potential to advance scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying PTSD and PTG. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A model of post-traumatic growth and stress reaction in China under COVID-19: A mediating instrument for trauma and disaster reduction

AimsBased on Calhoun and Tedeschi's posttraumatic growth model, this study aimed to establish a path model of posttraumatic growth among nurses who provided care for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients and to examine the associations between the relevant variables.BackgroundThere are increasingly many studies examining the psychological health status of nurses caring for patients on the front lines of COVID‐19. However, research results showing the effects of various variables affecting nurses' posttraumatic growth through positive psychological transformation are insufficient.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was based on a sample of 229 nurses who cared for COVID‐19 patients for more than 1 month in South Korea from April to May 2021.ResultsThe fitness of the modified path model (χ 2 = 1.380, p = .502, GFI = 0.99, CFI = 1.00, NFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.00 and TLI = 1.01) was higher than that of the hypothesis path model (χ 2 = 124.133, p < .001, GFI = 0.85, CFI = 0.66, NFI = 0.65, RMSEA = 0.36 and TLI = 0.15). Deliberate rumination had directly influenced posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder and social support had a direct and indirect effect on posttraumatic growth. Self‐disclosure indirectly influenced posttraumatic growth through deliberate rumination but was not significant.ConclusionsIn order to improve posttraumatic growth of nurses caring for COVID‐19 patients, it is necessary to provide and support opportunities for self‐disclosure.Implication for Nursing ManagementThe results of this study can help institutions and nurse managers comprehensively understand the factors affecting posttraumatic growth of nurses caring for COVID‐19 patients in the front lines and determine basic strategies based on the importance of these factors.

The negative consequences of intimate partner violence are well documented. This study investigated the possibility that some survivors of intimate partner violence may also experience posttraumatic growth because of their struggle with this highly stressful circumstance. In addition, the relationships between posttraumatic growth and relationship status, type of abuse, depression, and availability of models of posttraumatic growth were examined. Most women reported posttraumatic growth. Overall abuse experienced and depression were unrelated to posttraumatic growth, but abuse was related to one domain of growth. Contact with a model of posttraumatic growth and having left an abusive relationship were both positively related to posttraumatic growth.

This study extends L. G. Calhoun and R. G. Tedeschi's (1998) model of posttraumatic growth (PTG), positive change resulting from the struggle with trauma, to children by exploring the construct among youngsters who experienced Hurricane Floyd and the subsequent flooding. Despite burgeoning interest in PTG, few studies have examined the phenomenon among non-adults. This first systematic study of PTG in children explores hypothesized linkages among PTG and social support, competency beliefs, and ruminative thinking. Results suggest that competency beliefs relate to PTG and that a supportive social environment and ruminative thinking are associated with positive competency beliefs. Contrary to expectations, social support did not relate to rumination. Findings testify to the merit of studying the PTG process in children. Clinical implications and future directions are considered.

The main objective of our study was to determine whether the experience of the types of pandemic threats included in the study, could activate development responses among adolescents and what the role of the level of stress experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic is in the process of post-traumatic PTG growth. We also made an attempt to investigate whether personality traits and gender were predictors of PTG growth in adolescents. Therefore, the theoretical bases for the interpretation of the obtained results are models of post-traumatic growth (PTG), mainly by Calhoun and Tedeschi. The research was conducted in March 2020. The study subjects were 405 adolescents aged 14 to 20 years, with an average age of 17 years, of whom 59% were females and 41% were males. The following methods were used in the study: IPIP-BFM-20 to estimate five personality traits, PSS- to diagnose perceived stress, and an in-house questionnaire of pandemic threats experienced by adolescents (KŻP). The results showed that the various types of ‘pandemic’ threats (threats to life, family, and lifestyle) are positive predictors of growth-related changes; additionally, such factors as personality traits (here: extroversion), stress level, and gender had a positive mediating effect on growth-related changes. It was also possible to show that out of the four dimensions of post-traumatic growth, three could be activated under pandemic conditions. These were: changes in relationships with others, greater appreciation of everyday life, and spiritual changes. Changes in self-perception—one of the dimensions of post-traumatic growth, were not activated due to experiencing three types of pandemic threats.

The burgeoning conflict over the water sharing is now a global phenomenon. Many international treaties, laws and water management models are available to settle down the water sharing issues among the states like Absolute Territorial Sovereignty and the Upper Riparian, Absolute Territorial Integrity and the Lower Riparian and Mediated Strategy of Restricted Integrity. Inter-provincial water sharing issue in Pakistan is a classic example of upstream-downstream rivalry which has been traced back from the pre-partition history of Pakistan. Lower riparian province Sindh has a historical conflict with upper riparian province Punjab, Balochistan being lower riparian has water conflicts with Sindh, and KPK has water sharing issue with Punjab. The constitution has also empowered the existing institutions like CCI and IRSA and established several new rules for the water manageme among provinces. Currently, it has become the issue of federation and has disturbed the provincial harmony and national integration.

Exposure to work-related traumatic incidents in firefighters may result in positive psychological changes which are termed “posttraumatic growth”. This study aimed to construct structure equation modeling based on the model of posttraumatic growth in firefighters. Methods: A total of 226 firefighters who had experienced a work-related traumatic incident participated. The participants from three municipal fire departments and seven fire stations completed an anonymous survey asking about extraversion, optimism, calling in the workplace, problem-focused coping, deliberate rumination, and posttraumatic growth. The model fit indices were suitable for the recommended level. Seven of the 11 paths established in the initial hypothetical model were identified. The variables of deliberate rumination, problem-focused coping, and extraversion had a significant effect on the posttraumatic growth of firefighters, with an explanatory power of 38.7%. The findings show that it is important to develop strategies to enhance deliberate rumination and problem-focused coping for firefighters after work-related traumatic events.