Correction: Anemia in Children Aged 6–59 Months: Inequalities Across the 45 Provinces and 342 Communes of Burkina Faso

The study includes two main groups; the first group consists of (90) during delivery women, while the second consists of (90) new born children. The two groups are divided into other subgroups depending on whether they are anemic and non anemic. The first group contains (66) anemic women and (24) non anemic women, While the second group contains (23) anemic newborn and (67) non anemic new born. Total levels of protein and cholesterol have been checked in the subgroups in addition to the effect of anemia on these variables and the changes in total cholesterol and protein levels in regard to weight of the newly born. Variations of these variables depending on sex in the subgroups of newly born have also been checked. The study has revealed that total levels of cholesterol in during delivery anemic women were significantly high in comparison with their levels in non anemic women, their rates range (186 ±18.51) and (163±23.54) mg/dl for each of the two groups, respectively. Moreover, total protein levels were higher in non anemic women than in anemic women ranging (6.97±0.76) and (6.16±0.6) gm/dl, respectively (p < 0.05). Total cholesterol levels in anemic newborn were not significantly different from non anemic children, whereas total protein levels in non anemic children were higher compared with anemic children , rates rang (7.59±0.72) and (6.69 ±0.91) respectively(p<0.05). As for the relationship between the sex of the child and the studied biochemical variables in the sub groups, child sex had no effect on total cholesterol levels, whereas total protein levels varied; Differences were significant between male and female anemic children, while differences were not significant between male and female non anemic children. Also differences were significant between anemic and non anemic male children, whereas they were significant between anemic and non anemic female children (p<0.05). The study has also shown that weights of non anemic children were higher in comparison with anemic children, they were (3.4±0.38) and (3.02±0.47) respectively (p<0.05). Differences in weight between female and male anemic children were not significant; also they were not significant in male and female non anemic children. Differences in weight between anemic and non anemic children were significant; also they were significant between anemic and non anemic female children. There was a difference in the relationship between weights of anemic and non anemic children and total levels of protein and cholesterol in female and male children. In non anemic children, the relationship between total protein levels and the weight of male and female children was slightly significant (r= 0.357), while it was not significant in terms of total cholesterol levels with weights of female and male children. There was a reversible relationship between total protein levels in anemic male children and their weights (r=-0.448), while in female children the relationship was slightly significant(r=0.313). Total cholesterol levels in anemic male children had a high significant relationship (r=0.914) with their weight, while it was not significant in anemic female children.

The management of anaemia in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains controversial. Indications and thresholds for intervention and routes of administration are debated, with limited evidence available to guide...

To assess the importance of anemia in HIV-infected children in western and tropical settings. A systematic review with a descriptive component. : Four databases were searched and reference lists of pertinent articles were checked. Studies that reported data on anemia or hemoglobin levels in HIV-infected children were selected and grouped according to the location and the definition of anemia. Thirty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Mild (hemoglobin <11 g/dl) and moderate (hemoglobin <9 g/dl) anemia were more prevalent with HIV infection (odds ratio 4.5; 95% confidence interval 2.5-8.3 and odds ratio 4.5; 95% confidence interval 2.0-10.3, respectively). Mean hemoglobin levels were lower (standardized mean difference; 0.79; 95% confidence interval 0.47-1.10). These differences were observed in both western and tropical settings. Anemia incidence ranged from 0.41 to 0.44 per person-year. There was limited data on more severe anemia (hemoglobin <7 or <5 g/dl). As anemia was frequently identified as an independent risk factor for disease progression and death, we next reviewed the limited data to formulate better strategies. Failure of erythropoiesis was the most important mechanism for anemia in HIV-infected children. Therapeutic options include highly active antiretroviral therapy and prevention or treatment of secondary infections. Erythropoietin can improve anemia in children, but it has not been evaluated in developing countries. Micronutrient supplementation may be helpful in individual children. The potential benefits or risks of iron supplementation in HIV-infected children require evaluation. Anemia is a very common complication of pediatric HIV infection, associated with a poor prognosis. With the increasing global availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy, more data on the safety and efficacy of possible interventions in children are urgently needed.

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of anaemia in women and children in refugee settings globally.DesignPopulation-representative cross-sectional surveys were conducted by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and partner organisations.SettingRefugee sites in East and Southern Africa (ESA), West and Central Africa (WCA) and South Asia.ParticipantsUNHCR conducted routine programmatic surveys evaluating the needs of non-pregnant women and children in refugee sites, globally.Outcome measureHaemoglobin levels were measured using the HemoCue Hb 301+System (Fischer Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA). Anaemia was defined as mild, moderate or severe based on the 2011 WHO guidelines.ResultsThe median total prevalence of anaemia in children was 41.5%. WCA had the highest median total prevalence of anaemia in children (56.8%), and South Asia had the lowest (37.6%). Globally, the median total prevalence of anaemia in non-pregnant women of reproductive age was 28.2%. WCA had the highest median total prevalence of anaemia in women (39.4%), and ESA had the lowest (27.7%). Anaemia is highly correlated between women and children, even though the prevalence is much lower in women. The mean total prevalence of anaemia in children increased by 15.9% (95% CI 2.04% to 29.7%) in WCA but decreased by 7.9% (95% CI −20.1% to 4.24%) in ESA after the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionsWCA have particularly high rates of anaemia, worsening since 2020. ESA, as well as South Asia, have seen reductions in anaemia in recent years. There is wide variability within refugee settings, indicating variability in the implementation of successful interventions to reduce and prevent anaemia. Improving feeding practices and preventing and treating anaemia-causing infections may improve prevalence of anaemia.

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the WHO Haemoglobin Colour Scale (HCS) for anaemia in three groups of children aged 2 months to 2 years (sick children, those visiting an immunization clinic and a community-based random sample of children) and a sample of pregnant women. Finger-prick blood samples were taken from all consenting participants. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels from the HCS were compared with results from a HemoCue portable haemoglobinometer. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values for the HCS were calculated. A total of 457 sick children, 336 children visiting immunization clinics, 454 children from the community at large and 643 pregnant women participated. The prevalence of anaemia (Hb<11 g/dl) in these groups was 87%, 79%, 74% and 52%, respectively. The prevalence of severe anaemia (Hb<7 g/dl) was 24%, 11%, 10% and 2%, respectively. The sensitivity of the HCS for anaemia ranged from 60% to 79% and specificity from 59% to 94%. The sensitivity of the HCS for severe anaemia ranged from 24% to 63% and the specificity from 97% to 100%. Through use of the HCS, the proportion of sick, anaemic children visiting peripheral health facilities diagnosed and treated for anaemia would increase from 3% to 65%. In an area with high prevalence of anaemia among sick children, use of the HCS has the potential to significantly increase the proportion of sick, anaemic children who are diagnosed with anaemia and given appropriate treatment. Further evaluations of the effect of the use of the HCS on treatment practices at the health facility level are required.

Modelling the interrelationships between potential risk factors and childhood Co-morbidity of Malaria, Anaemia, and stunting in children less than five years in Burundi

To assess the nutritional status of folate and vitamin B12 with anaemia in young children. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the primary health-care centres of four Brazilian cities. Folate and vitamin B12 were assessed by fluoroimmunoassay. Multilevel Poisson regression models were used to explore the association of folate and vitamin B12 status in relation to anaemia in young children. Brazil.ParticipantsChildren (n 460) aged 11 to 15 months. The median (interquartile range) of serum folate was 39·7 (28·8-55·3) nmol/l and only four children presented with folate deficiency (&lt;10 nmol/l). Surprisingly, 30·9 % of children presented with serum folate concentrations above the upper limit of detectable values by the commercial kit used for analysis. The frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency (&lt;148 pmol/l) was 15 % and it was inversely associated with the highest tertile of serum folate concentrations (P&lt;0·001). Having high serum folate concentration (≥50·1 nmol/l) and vitamin B12≥148 pmol/l was associated with lower frequency of anaemia in these children (prevalence ratio=0·53; 95% CI 0·30, 0·92). High frequency of elevated serum concentration of folate was found among young Brazilian children and 15 % of them had vitamin B12 deficiency. The combination of high serum folate and normal vitamin B12 status was associated with a lower frequency of anaemia in these children. Improvements in the current strategies to promote healthy food-based complementary feeding along with prevention and control of micronutrient deficiencies are recommended to improve children's health.

Background: Anemia in children is a global health problem that can affect their cognitive and physical development. Various supplementation interventions have been used to treat anemia, including iron, folic acid, vitamins, and other minerals. Although some studies have shown improvements in anemia status, challenges in adherence to treatment and side effects remain barriers. Objective: This scoping review aims to map the available scientific evidence related to interventions and supplementation in children with anemia. This study identifies the types of interventions used, the target population, and the outcomes reported in the studies. Methods: A literature search was conducted through PubMed and Google Scholar with the keywords "anemia," "intervention," "supplement," and "children." Included studies were publications from 2015 to 2024 involving children who received supplementation interventions to see the impact of supplementation on anemia, cognition, and growth in children. Data from relevant studies were collected and analyzed based on study design, type of intervention, and reported outcomes. Results: From the analysis of 10 studies, various interventions were found, including iron supplementation, combinations of iron and other micronutrients (folic acid, vitamin A, vitamin C), and food-based interventions. All interventions showed increased hemoglobin levels and improved anemia status, but adherence to treatment remains a challenge, especially in daily regimens. Conclusion: Appropriate supplementation interventions effectively reduce the prevalence of anemia in children. However, the management of side effects and the improvement of adherence are aspects that need further attention for long-term success.

Objective: To check the effectiveness of guinea pig blood and aguaymanto Gummies as a nutritional supplement in the reduction of anemia in children aged 2 to 5 years in an area of high prevalence of Huanuco, Peru in 2018. Methods: The study was longitudinal, analytical, prospective and experimental with only one group. The sample was probabilistic with 33 children from 2 to 5 years of age, who, with a signed informed consent from their parents, were given the gummies of guinea pig blood and Aguaymanto for 21 consecutive days. Results: Children before the consumption of gummies had a level of mild [39.4]% (14)] and moderate [60.6% (20)] anemia. After the consumption of the guinea pig blood and aguaymanto gummies, the 31 out of 33 children no longer had anemia (93.9%; Z = -5,014; p = 0.000) significantly demonstrating the increase in hemoglobin level after the consumption of the gummies. Conclusions: The guinea pig blood and aguaymanto gummies were effective as a nutritional supplement in the reduction of anemia in young children providing an innovative strategy to combat anemia in young children.

.In stable transmission areas, malaria is the leading cause of anemia in children. Anemia in children is proposed as an added sensitive indicator for community changes in malaria prevalence. We report short-term temporal variations of malaria and anemia prevalence in rural Malawian children. Data from five repeated cross-sectional surveys conducted over 1 year in rural communities in Chikwawa District, Malawi, were analyzed. Different households were sampled per survey; all children, 6–59 months, in sampled household were tested for malaria parasitemia and hemoglobin levels using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDT) and Hemocue 301, respectively. Malaria symptoms, recent treatment (2 weeks) for malaria, anthropometric measurements, and sociodemographic details were recorded. In total, 894 children were included from 1,377 households. The prevalences of mRDT positive and anemia (Hb < 11 g/dL) were 33.8% and 58.7%, respectively. Temporal trends in anemia and parasite prevalence varied differently. Overall, unadjusted and adjusted relative risks of anemia in mRDT-positive children were 1.31 (95% CI: 1.09–1.57) and 1.36 (1.13–1.63), respectively. Changes in anemia prevalence differed with short-term changes in malaria prevalence, although malaria is an important factor in anemia.

Background: Anemia in critically-ill children is reported in one-third to three-fourth at admission and during stay in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU). Limited data is available on anemia in children at discharge from PICU (post-PICU anemia). To determine the prevalence of anemia in critically-ill children discharged from a PICU of public-sector Children hospital. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective cohort study was conducted on children (1mo-15 years) who had more than hemoglobin (Hb) measurement and last one was done within 24-hour of discharge in the PICU from January to December 2024. Anemia is defined as Hb &lt;10 g/dl and severe anemia was Hb &lt;7g/dl. Data like age, gender, admitting diagnosis and Hb prior to discharge were recorded. Results: A total of 457 patients met the eligibility criteria. The median age at admission was 10 (IQR 5.0-24.0) months, and 57.5% (n=263) were male. The most common admitting diagnoses were respiratory illnesses (52.7%, n=241), followed by infections related illnesses (23.2%, n=106), and neurological disorders 17.3% (n=79). At admission, 259 patients (56.7%) had anemia, of whom 35 (13.5%) had severe anemia (Hb &lt;7 g/dl). At the time of discharge, anemia was present in 288 patients (63%), including 13 patients (4.5%) with severe anemia. Only 14.6% (29) developed anemia during PICU stay. However, there were fewer patients have severe anemia at discharge than at admission. Conclusions: Nearly two-third of critically-ill children have anemia at discharge from a PICU of low-middle income countries. More studies required to analyze post-PICU anemia to prevent significant reversible morbidity associated with it.

To assess the relationship of blood lead and hemoglobin, zinc protoporphyrin, and ferritin concentrations in children. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 136 anemic and non-anemic children from two rural villages near a lead smelter in Adrianópolis, Southern Brazil, from July to September 2001. Hemoglobin electrophoresis was performed to exclude children with hemoglobin variants and thalassemia syndromes associated with anemia. Lead was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; hemoglobin by automated cell counting; zinc protoporphyrin by hematofluorometry; ferritin by chemiluminescence. Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and the c(2) test were used to assess the significance of the differences between the variables investigated in anemic and non-anemic children. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was performed using two models for anemic and non-anemic children respectively. Lead was negatively associated to hemoglobin (p<0.017) in the first model, and in the second model lead was positively associated to zinc protoporphyrin (p<0.004) after controlling for ferritin, age, sex, and per capita income. There was an inverse association between hemoglobin and blood lead in anemic children. It was not possible to confirm if anemic children had iron deficiency anemia or subclinical infection, considering that the majority (90.4%) had normal ferritin. The study detected a relationship between anemia and elevated blood lead concentrations. Further epidemiological studies are necessary to investigate the impact of iron nutritional interventions as an attempt to decrease blood lead in children.

Anaemia in falciparum malaria is associated with an increased risk of gametocyte carriage, but its effects on transmission have not been extensively evaluated in malarious children. Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage, emergence, clearance, population sex ratios (SR) (defined as the proportion of gametocytes that are male), inbreeding rates and temporal changes in SR were evaluated in 840 malarious children. Gametocyte carriage pre-treatment was at a level of 8.1%. Anaemia at enrolment was an independent risk factor for gametocyte carriage post-treatment. The emergence of gametocytes seven days post-treatment was significantly more frequent in anaemic children (7/106 vs. 10/696, p = 0.002). In the initially detected gametocytes, the proportion of children with a male-biased SR (MBSR) (> 0.5) was significantly higher in anaemic children (6/7 vs. 3/10, p = 0.027). Pre-treatment SR and estimated inbreeding rates (proportion of a mother's daughters fertilised by her sons) were similar in anaemic and non-anaemic children. Pre-treatment SR became more female-biased in non-anaemic children following treatment. However, in anaemic children, SR became male-biased. Anaemia was shown to significantly increase gametocyte emergence and may significantly alter the SR of emerging gametocytes. If MBSR is more infective to mosquitoes at low gametocytaemia, then these findings may have significant implications for malaria control efforts in endemic settings where malaria-associated anaemia is common.

Association of cesarean delivery with anemia in infants and children in 2 large longitudinal Chinese birth cohorts

Anaemias in children in Malaya