Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn content in wild mushrooms collected from unpolluted areas of the eastern Green Lungs of Poland (GLP) territory, to compare them to some popular species of cultivated mushrooms, evaluate mushroom contribution to the daily intake of the studied bioelements, and to determine their possible toxic effect resulting from potentially excessive mushroom consumption from areas recognized as ecologically uncontaminated. Bioelements were determined in 21 species of edible mushrooms: eighteen species of wild mushrooms and three species of popular cultivated mushrooms. The mean Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn content (in µg/g, dry mass DM) ranged from 10.6–123.1, 12.2–41, 0.13–13.3, and 68.3–184, respectively. A comparison with recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for Cu, Se, and Zn as well as adequate intake (AI) for Mn demonstrated that a 100 g fresh mass (FM) portion of mushroom species with the highest content of a given element can meet the demand for Cu, Mn, Se and Zn at 203%, 14–17%, 211%, and 16–22%, respectively. A comparison of the content of the examined bioelements contained in one portion of mushrooms (100 g FM) against the toxicological intake limits for different chemical elements with the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) and upper intake level (UL) showed no risk of toxicity for the evaluated mushroom species.
Highlights
The Green Lungs of Poland (GLP) is a unique natural area located within five voivodeships of northeastern Poland
We report on the contents of Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn in 18 species of edible mushrooms from an unpolluted area called the Green Lungs of Poland, which is free of big industry and with a low urbanization rate, with the aim to compare them with commercial mushrooms and make comparisons between the species
We studied to what extent mushrooms meet the demand for these elements in adults and whether their consumption poses a toxicological hazard in relation to these elements
Summary
The Green Lungs of Poland (GLP) is a unique natural area located within five voivodeships of northeastern Poland. It is among the least polluted areas in Poland, which is characterized by low levels of urbanization, low population density, the presence of large and compact nature-rich forest complexes, and the absence of heavy industry. In regions of the world where the gathering and consumption of mushrooms are popular, they can be a significant source of various nutrients—carbohydrates and proteins [2,3], vitamins [4], minerals [5,6,7], and biologically active ingredients, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, such as phenols and ergosterol [8,9]. Public Health 2019, 16, 3614; doi:10.3390/ijerph16193614 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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