Abstract
Due to the high price of fossil fuels, the increased carbon footprint in conventional generation units and the intermittent functionality of renewable units, alternative sources must contribute to the load frequency control (LFC) of the power system. To tackle the challenge, dealing with controllable loads, the ongoing study aims at efficient LFC in smart hybrid power systems. To achieve this goal, heat pumps (HPs) and electric vehicles (EVs) are selected as the most effective controllable loads to contribute to the LFC issue. In this regard, the EVs can be controlled in a bidirectional manner as known charging and discharging states under a smart structure. In addition, regarding the HPs, the power consumption is controllable. As the main task, this paper proposes a fractional order proportional integral differential (FOPID) controller for coordinated control of power consumption in HPs, the discharging state in EVs and automatic generation control (AGC). The parameters of the FOPID controllers are optimized simultaneously by the sine cosine algorithm (SCA), which is a new method for optimization problems. In the sequel, four scenarios, including step and random load changes, aggregated intermittent generated power from wind turbines, a random load change scenario and a sensitivity analysis scenario, are selected to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed SCA-based FOPID controllers in a hybrid two-area power system.
Highlights
The load frequency control (LFC) issue has become critical and complex in power systems.The LFC problems may cause momentary and permanent interruptions and even power system blackouts [1,2]
The conducted survey demonstrated the application of fractional order proportional integral differential (FOPID) controller for heat pumps (HPs), electric vehicles (EVs) and automatic generation control (AGC)
PT: A peak lumped of EVs and a simple model of HPs were utilized in the LFC structure
Summary
The load frequency control (LFC) issue has become critical and complex in power systems. Have designed a decentralized control structure for EVs to improve the primary and supplementary frequency control regarding the charging state of EVs. In the state-of-the-art methods of controllable loads modelling, the authors in [16] have propounded a new lumped model of EVs in the LFC structure of power systems. [18] has proposed a novel fuzzy controller This fuzzy controller is optimized to enhance the frequency performance in a smart power grid. [19] has introduced an impressive LFC scheme in the presence of EVs and wind turbines by the multiple model predictive control (MMPC) method In this context, a robust coordination strategy between EVs and the conventional frequency controller of generators in a smart grid structure has been demonstrated by [20].
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