Abstract
Increasing the penetration levels of renewable energy sources (RESs) in microgrids (MGs) may lead to frequency instability issues due to intermittent nature of RESs and low inertia of MG generating units. On the other hand, presence of electric vehicles (EVs), as new high-electricity- consuming appliances, can be a good opportunity to contribute in mitigating the frequency deviations and help the system stability. This paper proposes an optimal charging/discharging scheduling of EVs with the goal of improving frequency stability of MG during autonomous operating condition. To this end, an efficient approach is applied to reschedule the generating units considering the EVs owners’ behaviors. An EV power controller (EVPC) is also designed to determine charge and discharge process of EVs based on the forecasted day-ahead load and renewable generation profiles. The performance of the proposed strategy is tested in different operating scenarios and compared to those from non-optimized methodologies. Numerical simulations indicate that the MG performance improves considerably in terms of economy and stability using the proposed strategy.
Highlights
Microgrids (MGs) are a part of distribution systems that include several means of distributed generation (DG), renewable energy sources (RESs), storage devices and controllable loads and have the capability to operate either in connected or isolated mode [1,2]
Considering the same objective, this paper presents an EV power controlling (EVPC) scheme as operation mode of MG, the major goal is to keep the system power balance and, an energy management strategy in order to manage the participation of electric vehicles (EVs) in charging/discharging to limit frequency variations within the allowed range
A cost signal including electricity buying price (EBP) and electricity selling price (ESP) was proposed based on the variation of stability margin index (SMI) index that followed the intermittent nature of RESs and load variation
Summary
Microgrids (MGs) are a part of distribution systems that include several means of distributed generation (DG), renewable energy sources (RESs), storage devices and controllable loads and have the capability to operate either in connected or isolated mode [1,2]. When an MG enters an isolated mode due to loss of the main grid or a blackout/fault, it necessitates appropriate control and management schemes such that both the economical and stability targets are achieved. In this regard, this paper proposes an EV energy management scheme for MG autonomous operation based on local frequency measurements such that EVs will contribute. The proposed control strategy is intended to manage EVs’ charging and discharging process considering cost signal and the demand not supplied by renewable resources (DNSRen ) in order to keep the power balance within the MG.
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