Cooperation between The United States and Kazakhstan in the Field of Technology Transfer: Challenges and Prospects

Individuals who directly participate in the creation, transfer and application of technologies and / or their components

Technology Transfer Models Between Industrial Biotechnology Companies and Academic Spin-Offs

Problem setting. There are many theoretical and applied developments in the world on the optimal mechanisms for technology transfer and commercialization of innovations. All of them are relevant and deserve attention in a particular case. All of them include such elements as the developer and customer of the technology, the innovative product, the system of relations between the parties to the technological agreement, government regulation. Accordingly, choosing the method of commercialization or form of technology transfer has various economic and legal consequences. Target of research. The purpose of this article is to study the analysis of systematization of types and organizational forms of technology transfer technology transfer. Аnalysis of recent researches and publications. The issues of classification of types, forms of technology transfer and features of technology transfer agreements have been revealed in the research of many scientists. V. N. Shcheblikin and A. C. Ershov argued that the forms of technology transfer should include, in particular, vertical and horizontal. But most scientists consider them as types of technology transfer, such as O. O. Plakhotnik and V. Ya. Shoemaker. The latter in his article identified that the forms and types of technology transfer should be separated by providing a meaningful classification of species. He noted only the main points regarding the forms of technology transfer. Problematic issues of contractual aspects of technology transfer were revealed in the study of B. M. Paduchak on the classification of agreements in the field of technology transfer and significant issues of these agreements, V. M. Kryzhna, who drew attention to the terms of the agreement on the transfer of know-how, Yu. S. Panina, separated the franchise agreement from the agreement on the transfer of know-how. V. D. Mekheda noted the peculiarities of the engineering contract and Y. M. Kapitsa, who noted that an engineering contract can be concluded in the field of technology transfer. Article’s main body. Technology transfer can be considered in two main forms: as a process of technology transfer without concluding an agreement between the subjects of the innovation process (information transfer); as a process of technology transfer from one entity to another under the terms of a contract concluded between them at the legal level. If we interpret the term “form”, it is a type, structure, way of organizing something; the external manifestation of a phenomenon associated with its essence, content. Hence, the form of technology transfer should be interpreted, in particular, as a way of organization. Thus, vertical and horizontal; corporate, regional, national and transnational (international) technology transfer; commercial and non-commercial technology transfer are types of technology transfer. In our opinion, organizational or commercial forms of international and domestic transfer should be defined as: purchase and sale of licenses in circulation in the technology market (economic and legal basis of this is a patent as a security document, license agreement (or license); transfer of scientific development on the basis of franchising, transfer of scientific development on the basis of know-how agreement, transfer of scientific development on the basis of leasing, transfer of scientific development on the basis of engineering, transfer of property rights to technologies and their components in exchange of scientific and technical results. Conclusions and prospects for the development. In essence, according to certain categories, the following typesof technology transfer are distinguished, such as: depending on the type of technology transfer, there are vertical andhorizontal technology transfer; depending on the types of innovation policy there are: corporate, regional, national andtransnational (international) technology transfer; by means of technology transfer or by commercial nature or economiccontent, technology transfer is divided into commercial and non-commercial. Based on the fact that the organizational forms of technology transfer systematized by groups, we conclude that thefirst group of forms should include those based on agreements related to the process of technology transfer, ie the implementationof property rights to technology: purchase and sale of licenses in circulation in the technology market (licenseagreement (or license); transfer of scientific developments on the basis of franchising (franchising agreement); transferof scientific developments on the basis of know-how agreement (know-how agreement). The second group should include those forms that are based on contracts, the main purpose of which is not related tothe implementation of property rights to technology, namely: the transfer of scientific developments on the basis of leasing(leasing agreement); transfer of scientific developments on the basis of engineering (engineering contract); transferof property rights to technologies and their components in the exchange of scientific and technical results on the basis ofthe activities of joint ventures (agreement on joint activities) (simple partnership agreement).

Problem setting. Technologies affect many intellectual property issues, from inventions and technology brands to the content of transfer agreements, so the harmonious coverage of such aspects and consideration of the needs of interested parties in the current legislation is an urgent problem. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The new requirements of the technology transfer ecosystem affect the widening variety of intellectual property rights that arise with the creation of today’s technologies. Legislation should be flexible to such changes. Purpose of research is a critical review of the Law of Ukraine “On State Regulation of Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer” and the development of proposals for its improvement. Article’s main body. It is established that the said Law is more focused on inventions, while copyright, industrial designs, and trademarks are considered very limited, and separate provisions generally exclude the importance of such types of intellectual property for technology transfer; the said Law contains conceptual legal inaccuracies in the distinction between assignments and license agreements. It is proposed to replace the terms “patenting” and “patent immunity”, which appear many times in the document, with the broader and more flexible terms “acquisition of intellectual property rights” and “immunity from the intellectual property rights of third parties”, respectively. Such a proposal is justified as follows. In Ukraine, patents are granted only for inventions and utility models. Industrial designs receive a certificate of registration (as in the EU), the same applies to copyright (at the owner’s request) and trademarks. In the Digital Age, copyright now serves more than just the creative industries. Industrial designs are found everywhere and not taking into account this type of intellectual property from the economic evaluation of the technology or the research of promising areas is unjustified. A technology brand can move alongside it. Patent analysis provides insight into technologies and technological capabilities, as well as new business opportunities. Obtaining trademarks for patented solutions increases the value of these technical solutions, and trademark analysis provides information on the areas in which competitors operate, promising niches and regions, promising products and services, as well as customer interaction approaches and branding strategies. It is also proposed to set out in the document the definition of the term “technology transfer agreement” in accordance with Regulation 316/2014/EU, namely to add to the already existing definition that it can also be a license agreement entered into between two undertakings for the purpose of the production of contract products by the licensee and/or its sub-contractor(s). Conclusions and prospects for development. On the basis of the justifications given in the presented article, it is proposed to make appropriate amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On State Regulation of Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer” in Articles 7, 8, 13, 14, and 23 in the direction of expanding the types of intellectual property and in Article 1 in the direction of expanding definition of the term “technology transfer agreement”.

Introduction. The implementation of modern tools for the transfer of innovative technologies from research centers to the business environment is one of the main criteria for Ukraine to enter the globalization space of technologically advanced countries. In view of the above, the analysis of the current state of innovation and technology transfer in Ukraine in order to form development priorities with a focus on advanced global models becomes relevant.Research hypothesis. It is assumed that the implementation of modern tools for the transfer of innovative technologies from research centers to the business environment will be the basis for the creation of a new type of university, the effectiveness of which will be measured by the introduction of enterprises in various fields of innovation and projects.The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of innovation and technology transfer in Ukraine.Research methods: statistical analysis and logical generalization – to study trends in the field of technology transfer in Ukraine.Results: the current state of innovation and technology transfer in Ukraine is analyzed. Ukraine's place in the global innovation index is assessed according to the main indicators. Factors of efficiency of commercialization of university inventions are allocated. The functioning of effective technology transfer centers on the example of Spain is considered.Conclusions: technology transfer is a promising mechanism for economic stabilization of a country. In Ukraine, due to weak interaction between science and business, technology transfer is not developed at the proper level. To overcome such negative trends, it is necessary to use institutional factors – improving the legal framework in the field of technology transfer and developing public policy on the commercialization of intellectual property, intensifying the development of technology market infrastructure and involving enterprises in working with intellectual property.

Problem setting. In modern economic conditions, the key to effective economic development of any country is the development of the production sphere of the national economy. At the same time, its level depends on the penetration of knowledge-intensive, advanced and breakthrough technologies. Most economically developed countries even implement integrated state policies aimed at stimulating and scaling technology transfer processes. Thanks to this, the number of those technologies that are implemented in the sphere of public production increases, and the share of highly competitive products increases significantly. The economic system of Ukraine is no exception to this rule. Thus, since 2006, Ukraine has had a special official document the Law of Ukraine “On State Regulation of Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer”. Its main task is to determine the requirements of how the state (in the form of authorized bodies) will contribute to the scaling process of technology transfer. The course announced by Ukraine for joining the European Union (hereinafter referred to as “the EU”) imposes on it special obligations regarding the unification of regulatory approaches to the identification of technology transfer with EU requirements. The specified situation determines, on the one hand, the relevance of scientific research on this topic, and places on scientists the task of forming relevant proposals. It is science that should shape them and determine effective directions, methods and forms of unification of the principles of functioning of Ukraine with EU requirements and thereby stabilize and intensify the transfer of technologies. Purpose of research is to develop methods and techniques for unifying the regulatory approach to defining the essence of technology transfer in Ukraine with the requirements of the European Union. This will make it possible to formulate recommendations for the Ukrainian public authorities when they implement managerial decisions within the framework of the State technology policy and form the basis for proposals for amending its national regulatory acts. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following interrelated tasks: (1) to analyze the state of regulatory support for technology transfer under EU law; (2) to study the state of regulatory support for technology transfer under Ukrainian law; (3) to formulate proposals on the main directions of unification of legal regulation of technology transfer under Ukrainian law with the requirements of EU law. Analysis of recent research and publications. An analysis of recent research and publications on the topic shows that many scholars have considered the general issues of state intervention in the national economy. The problem of the essence of technology transfer has been studied both at the level of independent economic systems and within international organizational entities. Article’s main body. The object of this research is a set of regulatory methods and techniques for determining the content and essence of such a category as technology transfer. Both the requirements of Ukraine and the regulatory approaches of the European Union are studied. The analysis and generalization of the existing world and international approaches to the identification of the essence of technology transfer established that they are not unified among themselves and differ significantly from each other. It has been proven that this does not meet the needs of technology transfer participants and does not meet the strategic goals of Ukraine’s development. The expediency of expanding the existing concept of determining the essence of technology transfer defined in Ukraine is substantiated. Recommendations on directions for the unification of regulatory approaches to the definition of technology transfer with the European Union have been formed. The need to amend the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On State Regulation of Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer” in order to bring it into line with the requirements of the European Union has been proven. Conclusions and prospects for development. It was determined that the current legislation of Ukraine contains a narrower approach to determining the essence of technology transfer. Recommendations on the unification of the requirements of Ukraine with the requirements of the EU, on the issue of identification of technology transfer, have been formed. The expediency of expanding the forms of technology transfer is substantiated by supplementing them with the following: – Transfer of technology during the implementation of special interstate defense and industrial programs. – Transfer of technology within the framework of grant funding and cooperation. – Transfer of technology during the implementation of public procurement. – Transfer of technology as a contribution to the integral property complex (statutory or accumulated capital) of economic entities. – Transfer of technology during the creation of startups.

Problem setting. The article is devoted to: the analysis of the category of know-how as a form of commercial transfer and the object of intellectual property. The main source of economic development of the country and ensuring its competitiveness in the economy are the results of scientific and technical works, in particular, on an object such as know-how. In Ukraine, in the context of a market economy, entrepreneurs engage in a competitive struggle for the profitability of their business, which to a certain degree depends on the ability to dispose of the results of intellectual activity of a person to which the know-how has long been a part. However, despite the widespread use of know-how through the conclusion of an agreement on the transfer of rights in everyday life, the mechanism of its legal protection has not received the appropriate legislative consolidation, which greatly complicates the solution of problems that arise in everyday practice. Target of research. The purpose of the study is to analyze the category of know-how as an object of intellectual property, transfer of know-how as a form of technology transfer and directly disclosure of the features of the contract on the transfer of know-how as a contractual design in the classification of contracts in the field of technology transfer. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Know-how as an object of intellectual property was studied by such scholars as T. I. Begova, O. V. Dobrynin, A. A. Hakobyan, G. Yu. Stauppf. They were interested in the problem of technology transfer, including about the know-how agreement, Yu. E. Atamanova, O. M. Vinnik, O. M. Davydyuk, G. I. Zhits, Yu. M. Kapitsa, D. S. Makhnovsky , V. S. Milash, E. A. Novikov, B. M. Paduchak, O. S. Trofimchuk, N. M. Fonstein, A. A. Chobot, I. E. Yakubivsky. Article's main body. Today, know-how is a necessary intellectual property object, which thanks to an agreement on the transfer of rights as a regulator, which ensures the steady development of commercialization. Technology transfer and technology commercialization are different processes that can both exist separately from one another and be linked to each other if the technology transfer makes it possible for commercialization. Under this agreement, the object of a know-how must be distinguished - a specific, non-traditional object of intellectual property rights that has the characteristics of confidentiality, which makes it possible to distinguish it from well-known information, and the subject of an agreement on the transfer of know-how under which the communication of information is carried out, knowledge and experience and the right to use know-how. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The author came to the conclusion that the subject of the contract on the transfer of know-how as a type of contract in the field of technology transfer may be the main action that must be taken to achieve the purpose of the contract, which is reflected in the definition of this type of contract - transfer of the acquirer "access rights" to know- how for its further use and know-how as a combination of certain information, knowledge and experience that it belongs to and the necessary acquirer to achieve the purpose of the contract. According to the agreement under study, the author emphasizes that confidential information, scientific and technical knowledge and experience are transferred under the contract on the transfer of know-how and the right to use know-how is transferred.

Problem setting. One of the subsystems of the National Innovative System is the field of technology transfer. Considering the NIS from the point of view of the interests pursued by its participants (subjects), the mechanism introduced by the legislator, providing legal regulation of certain social relations, directly depends on what interests they pursue. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The following scientists drew attention to the problems of regulation of relations in the field of technology transfer: O. M. Davydiuk, Yu. M. Kapitsa, D. S. Makhnovsky, V. S. Milash, O. P. Orlyuk, B. M. Paduchak, O. E. Simson. However, further study of these relations remains relevant especially in view of the constant updating of current legislation. Target of research is to analyze the mechanisms for satisfying the interests of participants (subjects) of technology transfer, which are introduced in the current legislation and are proposed for the future. Article’s main body. Considering the national innovative system from the point of view of the interests pursued by its participants (subjects), we can distinguish the interests of the author of the technology, recipient, technology donor and the state, whose interests determine the overall vector of the transfer process. The primary subject in technology transfer is the author of the technology – an individual who can act as a direct participant (subject) of technology transfer and be its donor, who independently decides the legal fate of the technology and / or its components. However, the author of the technology may not be a donor when it comes to the relationship between him and his employer as a performer of scientific research and development work for the budget. In this case, although the technology is created by the direct work of the author-employee, property rights to the technology are assigned to the enterprise, research institution, organization or institution of higher education as the executor of these works (organization-developer), and the author is entitled to royalties. Thus, a compromise is reached between the parties and provides the necessary balance of interests of the employer and the author. In the transfer of technology, which occurs through the conclusion of the contract, the interests of the parties to the contract are mutually conditioned. These entities, realizing their property interests, act in contractual relations on the principle of dispositiveness, ie equality of the parties, and the state does not interfere in these relations. And only when the sphere of interests of the subjects of transfer affects the interests of the state, the relationship is complicated by the establishment of additional requirements and / or procedures (in particular, the export of technologies created or purchased from the budget). The interest of the state in this case is due to the purpose of preserving national and technological security, control over the misuse of budget funds during the financing of R & D, solving other strategic tasks. The protective mechanism of legal support of the state’s interests introduced in the Law is implemented through the establishment of requirements for the use of technology and / or their components, created or purchased for budget funds, mainly on the territory of Ukraine; conducting state expertise for technologies and / or their components, which are purchased for budget funds (including through their import). Meanwhile, the world practice is aware of other means aimed at protecting the interests of the state, such as control over the re-export of technology in order to eliminate the possibility of further transfer of technology from its donor to others. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The field of technology transfer is characterized by a combination of imperative and dispositive methods of legal regulation. When concluding a technology transfer agreement, the parties agree on its terms, based on their own interests and the requirements for certain types of agreements. However, lawyers note: the wider the range of interests (individual, group), which are directly or indirectly affected by the contract, the more important should be the degree of legal regulation. Therefore, when it comes to the interests of the state, the legislator should not neglect the ability to imperatively determine the requirements to be met by the parties in technology transfer and which provide for the implementation of additional incentives for the introduction of domestic technologies into circulation, their practical application in production.

The article is devoted to the definition and analysis of the features of international technology transfer. The aggravation of the economic situation in Ukraine, first as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, and later as a result of a full-scale invasion, significantly affected all socio-economic processes both within our country and on a global scale. The result of such modern challenges was a slowdown in global economic growth. In order to activate the innovative environment in Ukraine, it is necessary to solve the issue of ensuring the exit of domestic progressive technologies, including those produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, to world markets. Therefore, international transfer is the priority direction of Ukrainian innovation policy. Since the goal of technology transfer is precisely the economic growth and improvement of the population’s well-being, its development acquires urgent significance in terms of solving the problems outlined above. The article examines the essence and features of international technology transfer. The positive features of technology transfer are identified. The stages of technology transfer are characterized. In the conditions of recovery and development of the Ukrainian economy, the construction of an effective technology transfer mechanism will be based on the construction of an effective mechanism of interaction between the state and business structures, the development of technology transfer centers, and the expansion of state policy in the field of technology transfer. It has been determined that increasing the efficiency of the technology transfer mechanism will contribute to increasing the level of development of information and communication technologies through the creation of specialized scientific and technological platforms. Forms of technology transfer are outlined. Sources of technology transfer commercialization are considered. The main methods of commercialization of technology transfer are defined.

Problem setting. Today, the digital economy is being transferred to the digital platform, including in the area of technology transfer for innovative products and/or services. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The following scholars were interested in the conceptualization of digital platforms: Acs Z. J. et al. (2021) , Kenney M. and Zysman J. (2020), Plantin Jean-Ch. (2018), Van Gorp N. and Batura O. (2015), Spagnoletti P., Resca A. and Lee, G. (2015), Ghazawnehand A. and Henfridsson O. (2013), Ceccagnoli M. et al. (2012), Tiwana A. et al. (2010), Kurz T, Eder R. and Heistracher T. (2010), Venters W. (2021), Mansell R. and Steinmueller W. E. (2020), Frenken K. and Fuenfschilling L. (2020), Thompson M, Mukhopadhyay S., Bouwman H. and Jaiswal M. P. (2019), Otto B. and Jarke M. (2019), Poell T. et al. (2019), Gawer A. (2021), Van Dijck J. (2020, Keskin B. Van Dijk et al. (2018), Schwarz J. A. (2017). Among Ukrainian scholars, the problems of introducing digital platforms and the conceptual foundations of their development in the context of the formation of the digital economy were of interest to Kokhan V. P., Sichkarenko K. O., Ostrovsky I. A., Lyashenko V. I. and Vyshnevsky O. S., Semenog A. Y. Purpose of the research is to identify the existing views on the category of «digital platform» in the scientific literature, to identify its characteristics, and to provide an overview of its types. We will find out the impact of digital platforms on the activities of technology transfer networks and identify gaps in legal regulation and suggest opportunities for future research. Article’s main body. The article studies the conceptual provisions for substantiating the essence of the category «digital platform» and its impact on the activities of a technology transfer network. The author proves that a digital platform is an important factor enabling innovation through a technology transfer network, a mechanism for stimulating technology transfer, and a certain means of digital transformation. The concept of «digital platform» is widespread in the legal and economic literature, but there are significant differences of opinion among scholars regarding its essence. The study has led to the conclusion that a digital platform is a networked form of business organization, a special type of business model that brings together participants on the principles of an ecosystem and on a voluntary basis to promote valuable interaction between the involved participants, ensure coordination, dissemination of information, transfer of technology, and provision of services. The study found that there are business models of platforms that have a network effect and they exist in the following types: transactional, innovative, integrated, investment, and information platforms. The article emphasizes that from a legal perspective, a digital platform (for technology transfer) is a key tool for the functioning of a technology transfer network which provides for the connection of a large number of participants based on digital technologies, and which aims at coordinating and processing information, providing services, engaging software, assisting in finding partners for research and development and effective interaction of technology transfer participants, digitalization of business processes, transfer of new promising technologies and/or It has been established that the technology transfer network facilitates the implementation of innovative projects of national and international (transnational) technology transfer. Conclusions and prospects for the development. In order to improve the category of «digital platform», its concept should be fixed in the Law of Ukraine «On Stimulating the Development of the Digital Economy in Ukraine» of 15.07.2021 No. 1667-IX and the draft Law «On Digital Content and Digital Services», adopted as a basis on 12.01.2023. And the concept of a technology transfer network and center is defined in the Law of Ukraine «On State Regulation of Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer» of 14.09.2006 No. 143-V or in the Draft Law on Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on Stimulating Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer No. 4623 of 21.01.2021.

The object of this paper is the study of the existing organizational forms of startups and the assessment of their compliance with the tasks of technology transfer. It has been established that existing approaches to understanding startups do not meet the needs of technology transfer. The feasibility of improving their legal status is substantiated. Directions for improving the form of a startup in the field of technology transfer have been formed. The following are proposed as the characteristic features of startups in the field of technology transfer: having the status of a business entity, meeting the requirements of a production and commercial entity, having technology or rights to technology, or performing work on its creation. The need to change the provisions of the Framework Program for research and innovation "Horizon Europe" by introducing a separate category of startups in the field of technology transfer is substantiated. Their definition as autonomous small (medium-sized) enterprises at an early stage of their life cycle is proposed. As such, created as a division of a university or research institution, and carrying out production commercial activities and owning the rights to technology or aimed at new technologies or scaling existing business models based on them. A universal legal construction of a startup in the field of technology transfer is proposed, which can be used in national legislation. Under it, it is proposed to understand a business entity, created recently, with the purpose of carrying out production activities and obtaining profit, based on the realization of the appropriate right to technology. The research is aimed at forming directions for improving the legal status of startups. The research results can be used in the formation of international normative acts, to regulate these relations and serve as a basis for further scientific research

This research article examines the crucial role of human capital in the commercialization of scientific research. It highlights the "Valley of Death", the gap between scientific innovations and their market application, especially in countries moving from planned economies to market-oriented structures. The study highlights the need for trained Technology Transfer Specialists (TTP) who serve as intermediaries between academia and industry, facilitating the transformation of research results into commercially viable products and services. These specialists should have a wide range of qualities. The authors analyze the competencies required for TTP, dividing them into basic skills such as technical understanding and intellectual property management, and soft skills including communication and strategic thinking. The study has identified significant gaps in the current TTP competencies in Kazakhstan and highlights the urgent need for specialized training programs. The recommendations include the creation of targeted educational initiatives, reviewing university hiring practices to attract professionals with business acumen, and creating opportunities for continuous professional development. The aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of commercialization offices and, ultimately, contribute to the development of Kazakhstan's innovation ecosystem and economic growth. This study provides a methodological framework for further educational initiatives in the field of technology transfer.

The object of this study is to determine the essence, place, and role of the guarantees of technology transfer participants in the general system of innovative support measures and the formation of proposals for their improvement. General approaches to determining the essence of guarantees to participants in technology transfer as a special means of regulation were summarized. The experience of the World Trade Organization, the European Union, the Organization for International Cooperation and Development, and other countries has been analyzed regarding the methods and techniques by which these guarantees are provided. It has been established that the existing guarantee systems are not capable of fully meeting all the needs of technology transfer subjects. Guarantees to technology transfer participants were categorized in accordance with formalized criteria. The expediency of improving existing systems of guarantees to participants in the field of technology transfer has been substantiated, and the main directions of such improvement have been formed. A generalized definition of technology as a special object of relations regarding its transfer has been formed. It is proposed to unify the definition of technology at the international and national levels. The expediency of maintaining minimum guarantees of rights for technology developers regarding the amount of remuneration for the transfer of rights to technology and other essential conditions of its transfer was substantiated. Directions for improving the essential terms of technology transfer agreements were proposed. The study is aimed at forming general theoretical foundations for improving the system of guarantees of participants in relations in the field of technology transfer. The generated research results can be used in the formation of international normative acts, acts of national legislation within the framework of regulation of these relations and serve as a basis for further scientific research on these issues

In the article, the authors revealed how the transfer of technology from the university to business is carried out and the “gap at the development level” is bridged in Israel. The policy, models, and principles in the field of technology transfer, mechanisms of stimulating the technology transfer by researchers to business are analyzed, it’s studied how the entrepreneurial initiative of the Israeli research institutions is implemented. There are several ways to support technology transfer. One of them is targeted programs aimed at stimulating the interaction of the scientific community and business, carried out on the initiative of the government, represented by the Office of the Chief Scientist and with his financial support. Another mechanism for encouraging the technology transfer by researchers to business is tax exemption. In most cases, an entrepreneurial initiative in the field of technology can be implemented without the full involvement of the inventor. In such cases, the licensee takes charge of the process of developing the technology and product. Models of researcher participation in the implementation of entrepreneurial initiative in the field of technology, as a rule, are implemented in one of the following ways: a) issuing a license for innovative technology to a company engaged in the relevant industry; b) licensing of a startup, which is created due to the invention of technology. In Israel, there are three sectors of R&D, each of which operates independently of one another and forms its own policy in the field of technology transfer by public research institutes to business. Successful technology transfer mechanisms have been created in the scientific environment that serve the interests of universities and society and do not require intervention from the regulator. The commercial sector works for the benefit of business with the financial and other support of the regulator, represented by the Chief Scientist at the Ministry of Commerce.

The aim of this paper is to summarise and present the main features of project-based learning (PjBL) within innovation-based development. Methodology. The methodology of this study involves the use of PjBL as an educational and technology transfer tool. In an educational context, it uses a structured approach where students identify real-world problems, conduct research, develop projects, collaborate on their implementation, and reflect on their experiences to deepen learning and develop critical thinking. PjBL application scenarios cover a variety of disciplines, including STEM education, social sciences, business and humanities, enabling students to apply knowledge and skills to solve real-world problems. In the field of technology transfer, a similar PjBL principle is applied to facilitate the transfer of research innovations for practical application. This involves collaborative partnerships, technology assessment, prototyping, market validation, licensing or commercialisation, fostering innovation and translating research into tangible societal benefits. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of PjBL as a transformational methodology in both the educational and technology transfer contexts. Practical implications. PjBL encourages active, experiential learning where participants interact directly with real-world problems. This hands-on approach fosters a deeper understanding of concepts and encourages innovation by allowing participants to apply theoretical knowledge in practical scenarios. PjBL can have a long-term impact on innovation by fostering a mindset of lifelong learning and continuous improvement. The skills and experiences gained through PjBL can help people become innovative thinkers and problem solvers who will contribute to positive change in their industries and local communities. Value/Originality. It is substantiated that PjBL allows participants to immerse themselves in real problems or scenarios relevant to technology transfer. By working on projects that simulate the challenges faced in the transfer process, participants gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and develop practical skills that can be directly applied in technology transfer activities.