Convergence of Colonial Politics, Islamic Ideology, and Popular Resistance

The Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam is a sovereign kingdom, the Aceh region is famous for its high-value crops throughout the world, Aceh is a large, strong and influential empire in Sumatra, its strategic location makes European countries especially the Netherlands want to control the Aceh Sultanate, but there is public resistance aceh, where the aceh war or sabil war is the war of the aceh people to defend the homeland from the Dutch colony. The Aceh war was motivated by general and special causes that made the Dutch attack Aceh, but the Acehnese people fought against Dutch colonialism and were led by resistance figures such as: Teuku Cut Ali, Teuku Umar, Teuku Cik Di Tiro, and Cut Nyak Dien .this aceh war had an impact on the aceh people and left a legacy in aceh of Dutch colonization.

: Since many years ago, Bangka’s tin had been recognized as one of prior commodities having been known by people outside Nusantara ( Indonesian archipelago) . Due to its high economic value, this natural re source ha d invited the other huge power from out side this island , intending to have control over it . In the 19 th century, the map of political power in this island changed, along with the strengthening of colonial influence. Their political authority was connected to the maintaining of tin trenches. People were asked to obey the colonial provisions , as undergone by Chinese mining laborers . Th e difficulty suffered by the people and Bangka Chinese laborers had caused Depati Amir to struggle to resist against the imbalance. The battle was then continued by Depati Amir who tried to fight the colonial power in Bangka . One of the sources of Dutch power was their ability in developing administrative communication. C orrespondences and report arrangement became the references to make the next fighting schem e . Later t h ese reports were then used to be the primary references to reveal the activities of Depati Amir, Chinese labor ers , and Dutch government in Bangka. This paper is based on the findings of a research some time ago, discussing about the struggle of Depati Amir and Chinese people againts Dutch colonial government in the mid of 19 th century. The findings showed that “the archive tells the story”, that is by showing the contents of archive s as a material to understand the story of Depati Amir and his cooperation with Chinese people in overthrowing the wall of Dutch colonialism. KEY WORDS : Depati Amir ; Chinese People ; Dutch Colonialism ; Resistance ; Archive Tells the Story. About the Author: Prof. Dr. M. Dien Madjid is a Lecturer at the Faculty of Adab and Humanities UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jalan Ir. H. Djuanda No.95, Ciputat, Kota Tangerang Selatan 15412, Banten, Indonesia. For academic interests, the author is able to be contacted via his e-mail at: dienmadjid@uinjkt.ac.id Recommended Citation: Madjid, M. Dien. (2017). “Depati Amir and Chinese People’s Resistance against Dutch Colonialism in Bangka, 1848–1851: An Archival Study” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.9(1), October, pp.33-48. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, ISSN 2085-0980. Article Timeline: Accepted (February 17, 2017); Revised (May 20, 2017); and Published (October 28, 2017).

The development of archival research in Indonesia can be determined by carrying out bibliometric analysis. The analysis aims to determine the distribution of main information on archival research in Indonesia, journals relevant to archival publications, most cited sources, topic trends based on keywords and treemaps, keyword network maps, and network maps by country. Bibliometric analysis was carried out by using data from Scopus and the keywords (TITLE-ABS-KEY ( archival ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( archives ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (archive) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (Indonesia). Documents obtained were analyzed using R-biblioshiny and VosViewer software. The results of the analysis show that during the years of 1986 to 2023, 462 documents resulting from research on archives in Indonesia were found and published in 351 different sources with an average of 12.31 citations per document. The journal that publishes the most research on archives in Indonesia is the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Keywords in the field of archives most often used are archives, cultural heritage, Jakarta, conservation, archive, Asia, Bali, breast cancer, colonialism, and decolonization. Trends in topics that are often studied are decolonization, infrastructure, landsat, South Asia, reconstruction, Aceh, colonial, community participation, curriculum, decolonization, fisheries, heritage, deep learning, materiality, tsunami, digital archives, digitalization, and Dutch colonial. Co-occurrence network analysis using VOSviewer produced 4 clusters with 100 keywords with the most archival themes, namely Aceh, anti colonialism, commercialization, decolonization, East Java, fisheries, imperialism, Indian Ocean, and national archives.

After the capture of Sultan Aceh Muhammad Daud Syah in 1903, resistance against the Dutch had begun to subside, so several views emerged that the Aceh war against the Dutch had ended. The study's objectives are the background and reasons for the emergence of new resistance in 1925 and the resistance strategy against the Dutch Colonial in Kluet in 1925-1927. To achieve these objectives, this study uses a historical method. It is known that the resistance in Kluet was caused by various factors, namely, Dutch arbitrariness in development projects, revenge, Dutch interference in the Kluet customary government, and religious factors. The fighters' strategy in carrying out resistance was a guerrilla warfare strategy. The emergence of resistance against the Dutch in the Kluet region only occurred in 1925-1927 when other areas were calm, which was motivated by two things, namely Dutch intervention in the Kluet regional government with the signing of the Pledge Letter in 1925 which caused chaos among the keujreun, uleebalang, uleebalang Potong, village heads and civilians. In addition, it was also motivated by mental problems, namely, the views of the fighters, who previously considered resistance against the Dutch impossible, suddenly changed after seeing the T.R. Angkasah group protesting against the Dutch. This action ignited the spirit of the fighter groups to dare to resist consistently

Temple in North Bali. The relief was created around 1904, when North Bali was under Dutch colonial rule. It is the first relief created that deviates from Balinese society’s traditional art style. As with other works of art, there is a message and a particular purpose for the creation of this relief. This paper provides a more in-depth study of the relief by using the iconographic and iconological theory of Erwin Panofsky as a method for analysing relief works in relation to the social and cultural context of Balinese society during the colonial period. Panofsky’s three-stage iconographic analysis of the “Man on a Bicycle” relief revealed that it was created as part of the Dutch political strategy to shape Bali’s image as a “harmonious” and “cultured” area, as well as to divert negative connotations to the colonial power regarding the Balinese people’s war. W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp adalah orang Belanda merupakan subyek yang digambarkan pada relief “Man on a Bicycle,” di Pura Madué Karang di Bali Utara. Karya seni relief tersebut dibuat sekitar tahun 1904 pada saat Bali Utara dikuasai colonial Belanda. Relief “Man on a Bicycle” merupakan relief pertama dibuat yang memiliki perbedaan visual dengan pakem seni tradisional masyarakat Bali. Sebagai sebuah karya seni tentunya ada suatu pesan serta maksud dan tujuan tertentu dibuatnya dari karya relief tersebut. Makalah ini memberikan kajian yang lebih mendalam terhadap karya relief tersebut, dengan menggunakan analisis teory ikonografi dan ikonologis Erwin Panofsky sebagai metode untuk mendiskusikan karya relief yang dihubungkan dengan kontek soisal budaya masyarakat Bali pada masa kolonial. Melalui tiga tahapannya analisis ikonografi Panofsky, karya relief “Man on a Bicycle” menunjukan karya tersebut dibuat merupakan bagian dari strategi politik Belanda untuk membentuk citraan Bali sebagai wilayah “harmonis” dan “berbudaya” demikian juga makna paling baru adalah untuk melupakan kenangan buruk atau menutup aib colonial dalam perang yang dilakukan terhadap rakyat Bali.

This study examines the role of Teungku Chik Muhammad Amin in integrating Islamic education with the struggle against Dutch colonialism in Aceh through Dayah Cot Kala. The lack of specific studies on the integration of education and struggle during the war in Aceh is the purpose of this research, so that this research can complement the previous study on Teungku Chik Muhammad Amin. This study aims to analyze the role of Teungku Chik Muhammad Amin who has combined the teaching of religious science with resistance strategies and formed socio-political awareness among students. The method used is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to collect and analyze relevant literature in a systematic manner. The results show that Teungku Chik Muhammad Amin succeeded in instilling the value of jihad and fighting spirit, trained military tactics, and built the character of socio-politically conscious scholars-fighters, making education in dayah a strategic base for the resistance of the Acehnese people. Therefore, it can be concluded that the integration of education and struggle made an important contribution to the history of Islamic education and the resistance of Aceh.

The study explores the typology of the Islamic movement in Indonesia in the 18th to 19th centuries with a focus on resistance to Dutch colonialism, education, as well as tasawuf and tarekat aspects. The phenomenon of religious revivalism, especially in the growth of the practitioners and tarekat, was closely linked to the rise of the people of Hajj in the 19th century. Dutch colonial politics, in its attempt to humanize Indonesia from Islam, used Western education as its primary tool. The process of secularization occurs as a result of the penetration of Western influence into the education system, forming secular groups that tend to support non-religious organizations. The emergence of the Islamic modernist movement as a result of the diversification of the movement, especially in the fields of law, leadership, and conflict between custom and religion. Political developments show the accommodation and polarization between the traditionalist and modernist groups, shaping the diversity of Islamic movement in Indonesia. The study uses a library method with a qualitative approach, analysing contemporary historical sources related to the Islamic movement in Indonesia during that period. The results identified the typology of the movement based on its patterns and characteristics, including political, economic, educational, tasawuf, and tarekat. Various events of resistance to colonialism are described, such as the Padri Movement (1819-1837) in Minangkabau, the Diponegoro War (1825-1839) in Java, the Banjarmasin War, and the rebellion in Banten influenced by the Qadiriyah tarekat wal Naqsyabandiyah. Educational institutions, especially gymnastics, have become the focus of the Islamic movement. The importance of the role of tasawuf and tarekat in motivating resistance against colonial oppression is illustrated, for example, through the network of tarekat Syatariyah in the Java War. In conclusion, the Islamic movement in Indonesia in the 18th to 19th centuries involved complex typologies, covering aspects of resistance, education, and spirituality, shaping the dynamics of Indonesian Islamic history.

This study examines the communication strategies employed by the ulama in propagating the Hikayat Perang Sabil during the Aceh War against the Dutch from 1902 to 1912. The Hikayat Perang Sabil was a powerful literary work that inspired the Acehnese people to resist colonial occupation, framing their struggle as a jihad (fī sabīlillāh). The research aims to identify the strategies used by the ulama, assess the effectiveness of the Hikayat Perang Sabil as a propaganda medium, and analyze the factors that influenced its impact on Acehnese society. This research employs a qualitative approach combined with historical methods, utilizing library research, document analysis, and content analysis. Primary data include manuscripts of the Hikayat Perang Sabil written by Tgk. Chik di Pante Kulu, while secondary data consist of books, journal articles, and colonial-era records. The data are analyzed within the framework of communication theory, particularly Lasswell’s communication model and the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) theory, to evaluate how messages were constructed, delivered, and received. The findings reveal that the ulama adopted a multi-channel communication strategy, using oral recitations, manuscripts, and religious gatherings to disseminate the Hikayat Perang Sabil. The message’s religious legitimacy, emotional appeal, and repeated delivery were key to mobilizing the population. The credibility of the ulama as religious authorities significantly enhanced the acceptance of the message, leading to widespread participation in resistance efforts. This study concludes that the ulama’s communication strategy was highly effective in reviving Acehnese morale and sustaining resistance against Dutch colonialism. The Hikayat Perang Sabil not only functioned as propaganda but also as a cultural and religious symbol that reinforced Acehnese identity and collective memory. The research contributes to communication studies by demonstrating how indigenous literature can be strategically utilized for social mobilization and offers valuable insights for contemporary applications of communication strategies in community development.

Dutch colonialization with a colonial pattern indirectly left the perpetuation of the devide et impera politics among indigenous elites in Indonesia. The use of the natives as colonizers had resulted in conflicts and increased competitiveness patterns between priyayi and santri. Consequently, the clash of religious ideology with the new aristocratic model (Dutch priyayi) was inevitable. Freemasonry's propaganda successfully recruited many indigenous elites and significantly contributed to Dutch Colonialism. This study was historical research with several stages: heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Dutch Colonialism's upbringing was projected to successfully deal with the rise of santri organizations, such as Syarikat Islam (SI), Muhammadiyah, and Nahdlatul ‘Ulama (NU). These organizations aggressively revived resistance against the Dutch colonial in the 1920s. Freemasonry succeeded in clashing Javanese culture with Arabic (Islamic) culture to separate the indigenous elite from religious groups, considered radical and threatening Western colonialism. Freemasonry aimed to reject various forms of religious fanaticism and was an anti-religious dogma. The practice of colonialism and the role of Freemasonry has a common interest resulting in a mutually beneficial relationship.

Purpose of the study: This study aims to analyze the transformation of the Islamic curriculum in the Indonesian archipelago during the Dutch and Japanese colonial periods. The study focuses on the influence of colonial policies on the direction, structure, and content of the curriculum in Islamic boarding schools, prayer rooms, and madrasas, as well as the role of Islamic ethnopedagogy in preserving the character of Islamic education based on tradition and local wisdom. Methodology: This study uses a qualitative-historical approach with heuristic, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography stages. Data were obtained from colonial archives, education regulations, curriculum documents, textbooks, and national and international scientific journals. All sources were described in a historical-critical and ethnopedagogical manner to identify changes in the objectives, structure, content, and value orientation of the Islamic education curriculum in the colonial socio-cultural context. Main Findings: The results show that Dutch colonial policy was repressive and restricted Islamic educational institutions and curricula, while Japan was more cooperative, albeit oriented towards the interests of the war. These differences in policy led to significant changes in institutional structure and curriculum content. In this context, Islamic ethnopedagogical values based on local traditions played an important role in maintaining the Islamic identity of the archipelago's communities. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is unique in that it places the Islamic education curriculum as the main focus of analysis in the colonial context using an Islamic ethnopedagogy approach. Unlike previous studies that emphasized institutional aspects or colonial policies, this study shows the integration of local Islamic cultural values in the curriculum as a strategy for pedagogical adaptation and resistance, as well as its contribution to the development of a local wisdom-based Islamic curriculum.

The early twentieth century saw the emergence of Muslim social movements as a new model of resistance against the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. This model of the resistance movement was a response to various changes in politics, social and religious culture in the early decades of the 20th century due to dynamics within the Muslim community as well as the new policy of the colonial government. This article studies the emergence of Muslim social movements in Cirebon, West Java, and its impacts on the development of the Muslims’ resistance movement against the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. There have not been many studies of Cirebon's role in Islamic social movements in the early 20th century. Therefore, this article, using a historical method, attempts to contribute to this literature by examining social movements carried out by Muslims in Cirebon and their impacts on the emergence of resistance against Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. The findings show that Cirebon, which was one of the main centres of early Islamic civilization in the Indonesian archipelago, played a prominent role in the emergence of Muslim social movements in early 20th century Indonesia. Various Muslim social organizations emerged in the area such as Sarekat Islam, Persarekatan Ulama, Nahdhatul Ulama, and Muhammadiyah. Although these social-religious organisations had differences or were in tension on various issues, their emergence succeeded in convincing the native people of the importance of a new strategy in their resistance against the long and hegemonic rule of the Dutch colonial government which had ruled the Cirebon region since the late 17th century.

The purpose of this scientific article is to determine the actual problems of combating the spread of religious extremism among prisoners in Western Europe, Russia and the CIS. The question of activation of ideology of radical political Islam and its new forms – «Islamism» and «jihadism» is raised. The process of spreading radical Islamism among the criminal part of Western and post-Soviet society is comprehensively studied and analyzed. It is emphasized that in the context of the decline of all ideological constructs of European origin, claiming to own and universal project, Islamism is becoming more and more clearly and clearly a «new alternative style» with impressive prospects of covering a variety of social groups not only in the countries of traditional spread of Islam, but also in Western Europe. It is emphasized that Islam with its egalitarian ethos has a historical experience of ideological expansion to the masses. The problem of the wide spread of Islam as a religion and ideology of Islamism among those serving sentences in the penitentiary institutions of Western Europe is particularly raised. In particular, the authors draw attention to the existing processes of symbiosis of Islamic radicalism and criminality both in penitentiaries and in the wild after release from prison. Such processes tend to further entrench and spread on the territory of Russia and the post-Soviet States of Central Asia. The reasons for the spread of radical Islam in places of deprivation of liberty are formulated. The article analyzes the most effective measures in the world to counter radicalization in places of detention, examines domestic and foreign programs of de-radicalization. The author emphasizes the timeliness and importance of the development of Islamic education as a factor to prevent the influence of extremist ideology on believers.

Few works on modern imperialism (1880–1914) include Dutch political and military behaviour in the Indonesian archipelago. Theories concerning colonial expansion in this period have been based almost exclusively on the activities of the big powers, scrambling for new territories in Africa. The small country of the Netherlands, expanding its colonial frontiers within its nominal sphere of interest, did not arouse much interest, the less so as its history and sources are not easily accessible due to an internationally little known language.

In this article, the author describes how the inhabitants of the archipelago, since the first relationship with the Netherlands at the end of the 16th century AD to the present, developing an overview of the various foreign entrants. Various picture developed among the natives of the strangers of particular interest because it reflects the understanding of their relationship with the Dutch settlers. The picture serves as a means to make other people more intelligible to the stranger. The picture also serves as a tool to make the relationship with the stranger seemed more acceptable. Because knowledge of the indigenous population of the Netherlands is increasing, the nature of their relationship with the Netherlands is changing.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v1i3.848

Rabies in the Dutch East Indies a century ago – A spatio-temporal case study in disease emergence