Abstract
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) use during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has raised concerns that it may cause submicroscopic changes to spermatozoa and may be toxic to oocytes. We evaluated two alternative methods of mechanical immobilization of sperm during ICSI in order to reduce or eliminate the exposure of oocytes and spermatozoa to PVP without compromising survivability, fertilization, or embryo quality.
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