Conventional breeding and industrial profile of a special Papaver somniferum L. cultivar for dual use

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the content and form a categorical definition ofthe administrative procedure for the export and import of military and dual-use goods in Ukrainebased on the existing and prospective legislation and the theory of administrative law. On thisbasis, form the latest concept of development of social relations in the analyzed sphere.Methods. A system of methods of scientific knowledge was used during the research. Using themethod of systematic analysis, various legal sources and empirical material were analyzed andnew generalizations and conclusions were formed on the basis of this. Special legal method –formal-dogmatic gave an opportunity to analyze the current legislation. The forecasting methodensured the development of legislation on administrative procedures for the import of military anddual-purpose goods in Ukraine.Results. It has been proven that administrative procedures are the bottom level of legal regulation,which in most cases are most often directly faced by private individuals and legal entities in orderto ensure their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests in public administration, in particularbusiness entities that export and import goods for military purposes and dual purpose. It wasconcluded that in today’s conditions, the administrative procedures for the export and importof military and dual-purpose goods are regulated by the norms of a special profile Law anda number of secondary legal acts approved by the Government of Ukraine.It has been found that the administrative procedure for the export of military and dual purposegoods from Ukraine, which operated before the full-scale invasion of Russian-terrorist troops intoUkraine on February 24, 2022, was characterized by the monopoly of certain influential groupsclose to the government, which were not interested in the development of weapons productionand other means of fighting, and focused their attention mainly on the sale of weapons thatUkraine inherited from a bygone era. Public finances for the development of domestic armamentswere insufficiently provided, and effective economic and financial methods of attracting privateinvestments were not introduced. As a result, when repelling the armed aggression of Russianterrorist forces, Ukrainian soldiers mainly use outdated weapons and armaments, or thoseobtained from foreign partners. The rapid import of weapons to Ukraine was established thanks tothe goodwill of the top political leadership of the USA, Great Britain, Lithuania, Poland, a dozenother democratic states, and the liberalization of the administrative procedure for importinggoods for military purposes and dual purposes into Ukraine under martial law conditions, asbusiness entities, as well as charitable foundations, which received permits for this from the StateExport Control Office under a simplified administrative procedure. The latest concept of the administrative procedure for the export, import of military and dualpurposegoods from Ukraine is proposed, taking into account the experience gained by the subjectsof importing weapons under martial law and the principles of the Law of Ukraine of February 17,2022 No. 2073-IX “On Administrative Procedure”. After all, the war for domestic manufacturersis a time to improve their products. In some positions, they have good initial positions that areobjectively developed and tested on the battlefield. As a result, after the victory, weapons releasedin Ukraine will be bought by foreign countries with pleasure. At the same time, the new civilsociety will no longer allow a few government officials to monopolize the arms export market.Accordingly, permits for the export of weapons manufactured by domestic manufacturers shouldfirst of all be granted (legalized) to entities that imported them during the war. Next, it is necessaryto carry out systemic reforms, both at the level of foundations and public tools and administrativeprocedures. Therefore, liberalization in this area should be carried out, but not at the expense ofweakening control over the export of weapons, but the admission to it of all entities that meet thespecified conditions, regardless of the form of ownership, both domestic and residents of the USA,Canada, Great Britain, countries EU members (with the exception of Hungary) and other partnerstates, which imported weapons to Ukraine in the face of a full-scale invasion.Conclusions. The administrative procedure for the export and import of goods for military anddual purpose in Ukraine is a procedure defined by law for consideration and resolution of casesregarding the issuance to business entities of permits to import into Ukraine and (or) export fromUkraine weapons, goods for military and dual purpose. The provisions of the Law of Ukraineof February 17, 2022 No. 2073-IX “On Administrative Procedure” do not directly apply to theapproval of the administrative procedure for the export, import of goods for military use and dualpurpose, however, the categorical apparatus and principles defined in it must be used in a specialregulatory and legal high-level act - the new version of the Law of Ukraine “On State Control ofInternational Transfers of Military and Dual-Use Goods”, or, more appropriately, in the new draftof the Law of Ukraine “On Export, Import of Weapons, Military and Dual-Use Goods”.

Several commonly used extraction procedures and commercial kits were compared for extraction of DNA from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds, ground seeds, pollen grains, poppy seed filling from a bakery product, and poppy oil. The newly developed extraction protocol was much simpler, reduced the cost and time required for DNA extraction from the native and ground seeds, and pollen grains. The quality of extracted DNA by newly developed protocol was better or comparable to the most efficient ones. After being extended by a simple purification step on a silica membrane column, the newly developed protocol was also very effective in extracting of poppy DNA from poppy seed filling. DNA extracted from this poppy matrix was amplifiable by PCR analysis. DNA extracted from cold-pressed poppy oil and suitable for amplifications was obtained only by methods developed previously for olive oil. Extracted poppy DNA from all tested matrices was analysed by PCR using primers flanking a microsatellite locus (156 bp) and two different fragments of the reference tubulin gene (553 bp and 96 bp). The long fragment of the reference gene was amplified in DNA extracted from native seeds, ground seeds, and pollen grains. Poppy DNA extracted from the filling of bakery product was confirmed only by amplification of short fragments (96 bp and 156 bp). DNA extracted from cold-pressed poppy oil was determined also only by amplification of these two short fragments.

As the sole plant source of many potent alkaloids, opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal crop. Nevertheless, few studies have characterized opium poppy germplasm with crop-specific molecular markers. Because Turkey is a diversity center for opium poppy, Turkish germplasm is a valuable genetic resource for association mapping studies aimed at identifying QTLs controlling morphine content and agronomic traits. In this study, the morphological diversity and molecular diversity of 103 Turkish opium poppy landraces and 15 cultivars were analyzed. Potentially useful morphological variation was observed for morphine content, plant height, and capsule index. However, the landraces exhibited limited breeding potential for stigma number, and seed and straw yields. Both morphological and molecular analyses showed distinct clustering of cultivars and landraces. In addition, a total of 164 SSR and 367 AFLP polymorphic loci were applied to an opium poppy association mapping panel composed of 95 opium poppy landraces which were grown for two seasons. One SSR and three AFLP loci were found to be significantly associated with morphine content (P < 0.01 and LD value (r 2) = 0.10–0.32), and six SSR and 14 AFLP loci were significantly associated with five agronomic traits (plant height, stigma number, capsule index, and seed and straw yields) (P < 0.01 and LD value (r 2) = 0.08–0.35). This is the first report of association mapping in this crop. The identified markers provide initial information for marker-assisted selection of important traits in opium poppy breeding.

Evaluation of alternative breeding plans for two indigenous cattle breeds of Ethiopia

Breeding of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is running now basically into two directions: development of high and special alkaloid containing genotypes for the industry and selection of cultivars of minimal alkaloid content for seed consumption. The aim of our recent research has been the construction of a special industrial cultivar, accumulating elevated levels of narcotine. F 1 -F 3 progenies of the crossing 'Kheops' × 'Kek Gemona' cultivars were evaluated and the alkaloid content measured by TLC and densitometric methods. In the F 1 main alkaloids showed intermedier characteristics, while the minor ones overdominance. The features of lacking or accumulating high levels of narcotine separated already in the F 2 generations. The best individuals were detected in the accessions of 'Kek Gemona' as maternal parent. The presence of narcotine seems to be a recessive trait. Based on this study, gene interactions could be hypothesized. The best strains were improved and stabilized by Pedigree method. In 2008 a new and unique cultivar 'Korona' has been registered, containing 20-25 mg/g narcotine in the capsules.

BackgroundThe Federal excise tax was increased for tobacco products on April 1, 2009. While excise tax rates prior to the increase were the same for roll-your-own (RYO) and pipe tobacco, the tax on pipe tobacco was $21.95 per pound less than the tax on RYO tobacco after the increase. Subsequently, tobacco manufacturers began labeling loose tobacco as pipe tobacco and marketing these products to RYO consumers at a lower price. Retailers refer to these products as “dual purpose" or “dual use" pipe tobacco.MethodsData on tobacco tax collections comes from the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. Joinpoint software was used to identify changes in sales trends. Estimates were generated for the amount of pipe tobacco sold for RYO use and for Federal and state tax revenue lost through August 2011.ResultsApproximately 45 million pounds of pipe tobacco has been sold for RYO use from April 2009 to August 2011, lowering state and Federal revenue by over $1.3 billion.ConclusionsMarketing pipe tobacco as “dual purpose" and selling it for RYO use provides an opportunity to avoid paying higher cigarette prices. This blunts the public health impact excise tax increases would otherwise have on reducing tobacco use through higher prices. Selling pipe tobacco for RYO use decreases state and Federal revenue and also avoids regulations on flavored tobacco, banned descriptors, prohibitions on shipping, and reporting requirements.

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is currently an important agricultural commodity, with the product being used in the food industry (seed) as well as in the pharmaceutical industry (morphine and other alkaloids). Intensive production of poppy leads to a specific direction of breeding with the aim to obtain highly productive cultivars of the so-called food industry or industrial type. The paper evaluates 57 genetic resources (mostly cultivars), comparing the groups of values representing the indicators of production-significant morphologic and agricultural characters (capsule size; morphine content in poppy straw; weight of dry, empty capsule) and content of morphine in the poppy straw, in relation to the ideotype of poppy, which in these indicators represents 100% of the value. On average lower values in the above indicators were achieved by cultivars with white-coloured seed, including morphine content; concrete data are specified in three cultivars with morphine content in the poppy straw above 0.40%. In blue-seed to grey-seed cultivars, except for the high-morphine cultivar Buddha (1.85% of morphine), we found only six materials with a minimum morphine content of 0.8% in the poppy straw (maximum of 0.92%). These genetic resources also achieved very good values in the morphological indicator and average value in the economic indicator. The results will be used in the selection and classification of suitable genetic resources of poppy in breeding of industrial forms.

In this study, the impacts of γ-irradiation processing on the proximate composition, color parameters (L*, a*, b*), fatty acid and sterol compositions of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds were determined. For this purpose, three registered poppy seed varieties (blue, yellow, and white) were subjected to 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 kGy of γ-radiation. The dominant fatty acid in all three nonirradiated poppy seed oils was detected as linoleic acid, which ranged from 71.289 to 75.386%. Irradiaiton led to a significant decrease in linoleic acid (C18:2). While γ-irradiation caused a significant decrease in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), radiation led to a significant increase in saturated fatty acids (SAFA). The irradiation process affected the Δ-7-avenasterol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol contents in all the poppy seed varities compared to the nonirradiated controls. Although irradiation led to significant changes in the color parameters of all the poppy seed varieties, generally, the proximate composition of poppy seeds did not change according to the γ-irradiation dose.

Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is a member of the Papaveraceae family. It is indigenous of south east of Europe and Asia. It is cultivated all over the world and there is not any wild type of this species. It is widely grown as an ornamental flower throughout Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. Until now more than 40 different alkaloids have been known in this species which the most important ones are morphine, codeine, thebaine, and noscapine. Alkaloids are affected with genetical characteristics and environmental conditions. Poppy seeds are an important food item and the source of poppy seed oil, healthy edible oil that has many uses. The most important application of papaver alkaloids is due to their analgesic properties. Use of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) as a medicinal plant has been described in the ancient literature of Indian system of medicine (Ayurveda). Primarily, purified opium (dried latex from the plant capsule) is described to be the major therapeutic (for treating dysentary, diarrohea, spasms, pain etc.) component. Purification of opium has been described vividly in Ayurveda. Purified opium has been described to balance Vata and Kapha, Doshas and enhance Pitta Dosha. Although it is well known that opium contains analgesic (morphine, codeine, thebaine) as well as other therapeutic (sanguinarine, papaverine etc.) alkaloids, the exact molecular basis for all its properties described in Ayurveda is yet to be elucidated. This is one of the required needs for Ayurveda-guided future pharmacological research on opium. Nevertheless, the present day pharmaceutical market already sells certain opium-derived Ayurvedic formulations (like Karpur Ras). However it is pertinent to note that cultivation of gum varieties of opium poppy and collection of latex is not prevalent in most of the countries except India. Since other countries practice CPS (concentrate of poppy straw) cultivation, it is also important to evaluate the poppy straw for Ayurveda-based uses, which will help to popularize Ayurveda globally. This paper aims to discuss the details of uses of opium described in Ayurveda and provides the future perspective for scientifically validating the same.

Opium poisoning in modern times. An overview

Poppy seed (Papaver somniferum l.) is an important oilseed, whose cultivation has a long tradition in the Czech Republic. Poppy seed grown in the Czech Republic has good quality and, therefore, is preferred to poppy seeds in other parts of the world. The objective of this paper is to characterize the current position of the Czech poppy seed production and foreign trade in the world. Czech Republic is the main world producer of poppy seed and price maker of the European and world prices. With regards to trade, the Czech Republic is also the main producer and seller both in Europe and in the world. The poppy seed crop grown in the Czech Republic is mainly produced for exports, because the domestic consumption consists of only between four and five thousand tons. Major export markets of Czech poppy seed are European countries with a population of Slavic origin or those influenced by Slavic cuisine. Another important markets are overseas countries, that were settled by Slavic immigrants. The paper stresses out the position of the Czech Republic as a major player in the world market with poppy seed. The paper provides analysis of the market position of the Czech production and Czech foreign trade participation. Development of production and trade, as well as some other factors affecting the poppy seed economy, are analyzed such as prices, hectarage, yields, volume of production and volume of trade. This paper is part of a research project carried out by the authors within the grant no. 6046070906, funded by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic.

Evaluation of 19 short tandem repeat markers for individualization of Papaver somniferum

Opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.) oil for preparation of biodiesel: Optimization of conditions

The presence of opium alkaloids or pesticide residues in poppy seeds ( Papaver somniferum L.) poses a potential health risk when consumed. Among the factors that could influence the levels of these substances in poppy seeds, the post-harvest cleaning plays a significant role. Thus, an analysis of 322 pesticide residues and 7 opium alkaloids in by-products of the mechanical cleaning of poppy seeds and in poppy seeds from a conventional Czech poppy production was conducted to evaluate this significance. Of the seven alkaloids tested, morphine was present in the highest concentration. Comparing the concentration of opium alkaloids determined in poppy samples, their levels were found to be approximately 100–1500 times higher in dried poppy capsules than in cleaned poppy seeds. With respect to pesticides, residues of five insecticides and nine fungicides were detected in poppy samples. In the case of pyrethroid insecticides and several triazole fungicides (difenoconazole, metconazole), post-harvest cleaning of poppy seeds appears to be highly efficient and results in residue levels in poppy seeds below the detection limit. A significant portion of the pesticide residues was present in the internal parts of the poppy seeds, as the pesticides were mostly systemic. The presence of opium alkaloids and pesticide residues on the surface of poppy seeds is due to external contamination by dust from crushed poppy seedpods. Therefore, proper post-harvest cleaning of poppy from dried poppy capsules seems to be an important tool to ensure the production of safe poppy seeds with lower contamination with alkaloids and several pesticide residues.

Opium poppy is an important medicinal plant because of its very valuable pharmaceutical alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, and papaverine, etc. The research was carried out with the aim to examining the relationships between capsule yield, some other yield and quality traits by means of correlation, path and principal components analysis (PCA) in fifteen opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) cultivars registered in Turkey. The experiments were conducted designed according to a randomized complete block with three replications during 2012/13 and 2013/14 growing years in Isparta conditions. In the research, there were significant positive correlations between capsule yield and capsule width, and 1000 seed weight, while insignificant associations between capsule yield (non-seed) and seed yield, plant height, capsule number, capsule length, oil yield, and morphine content were determined. The significant and high negative correlation was determined between capsule yield with oil content. According to the path analysis, the highest positive direct effect on capsule yield was seed yield (48.202%), and the highest positive indirect effect on capsule yield was capsule width (47.877%) via seed yield. The ten PCA components (PC1 to PC10) created 90.09% of the total variation among traits in poppy cultivars. PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 with values of 52.0%, 16.9%, 11.8%, and 10.2%, respectively contributed to the total PCA value, and plant height, capsule width, capsule number, and 1000 seed weight were found to be effective components on the yield in PCA analysis. The bi-plot analysis showed that capsule number, capsule length, seed yield, and oil yield created the same group and plant height and capsule width were another group, and these characters showed stability for the cultivars. The according to the results of the correlation, path, and PCA, capsule width and 1000 seed weight were effective components on capsule and seed yields of the opium poppy. ysis