Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proven to be valuable reaction media for the synthesis of inorganic materials among an abundance of other applications in different fields of chemistry. Up to now, the syntheses have remained mostly “black boxes”; and researchers have to resort to trial-and-error in order to establish a new synthetic route to a specific compound. This review comprises decisive reaction parameters and techniques for the directed synthesis of polyions of heavy main-group elements (fourth period and beyond) in ILs. Several families of compounds are presented ranging from polyhalides over carbonyl complexes and selenidostannates to homo and heteropolycations.
Highlights
Ionic liquids (ILs)—Often defined as salts with melting points below 100 ◦C—have been known for quite a long time
The ability of ILs to decrease the vapor pressure of delicate volatile compounds and, simultaneously, to provide access to dissolved species has been utilized for the synthesis of several heavy main-group element polyanions
The distinctive directing parameter of these room temperature reactions has proven to be the ratio of the starting materials: If elemental tellurium, TeCl4, and BiCl3 are utilized in a proportion according to the respective composition, each compound is yielded as phase-pure product
Summary
Ionic liquids (ILs)—Often defined as salts with melting points below 100 ◦C—have been known for quite a long time. Are the mechanisms of product formation barely examined but the overall role of the IL might be vague The latter can range from being a mere lubricant for solid state reactions via acting as solvent for (a part of) the starting materials to crucial directive properties leading to tunable products. Either in situ reaction monitoring [60,61,62] or comparisons of several syntheses can elucidate the influence of ILs. The present review article aims to highlight a variety of reaction parameters and techniques for the directed synthesis of polyions of heavy main-group elements (fourth period and beyond) in ILs (cation and anion abbreviations in Table 1) in order to provide researchers with an insight into promising synthetic approaches. 1-ethylimidazolium 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium 1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium butyl-methylpyrrolidinium decyl-methylpyrrolidinium tributylmethylammonium tetrabutylphosphonium trihexyl-tetradecylphosphonium benzyl(triphenyl)phosphonium tristriflylmethanide, tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methanimide triflimide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide triflate, trifluoromethanesulfonate
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