Control with anionic polyacrylamide of runoff and erosion induced by irrigation on Alentejo soils: surface and sprinkler irrigation (center pivot)

Abstract

Most of the Mediterranean soils in Southern Portugal, now being converted to irrigation, were under rain-fed agriculture, in areas of sensitive soils, eroded or with high potential for erosion. The particular characteristic of these soils is its rapidly permeable A-horizon overlaying a B-horizon of very low permeability. Such fact leads to low infiltration of the applied irrigation water and, consequently high limitations to irrigation. Therefore for these soils to be under irrigation it is important to adopt soil and water conservation practices and correctly manage the irrigation systems, hoping that these practices will favour agriculture yields and preserve the environment by reducing runoff, preventing soil loss and enhancing the infiltration of applied water. One of the strategies that can be used to achieve such goals and also help to improve the soil physical properties is the use of soil conditioners, particularly the anionic polyacrylamide (PAM). Encouraging results have been obtained in the irrigated soils of Southern Portugal with their use being able to stabilize soil surface structure and curb irrigation-induced erosion in surface irrigation as well as in sprinkler irrigated fields. Since 1997, studies of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) application have been conducted on field experiments, under surface irrigation and on contour and slopping furrows, and also with pressurized irrigation (center pivot and sprinkler simulators), as well as in more controlled laboratory studies, to test the PAM usefulness in controlling erosion and enhancing infiltration of irrigated soils. Several methodologies of applying PAM have been tested (direct application to the soil surface, in water suspension and later applied to furrows and pressurized systems through the irrigation water, and in multiple and/or single applications) as well as several application rates and timing. The results have been conclusive and in most of the studied soils PAM application has been positive in reducing runoff and sediment loss, enhancing also infiltration rates. The paper summarizes these studies, presents the state of the art, the methodologies used and the main results and conclusions.