Abstract
A single crystal of lithium niobate is an important optoelectronic material. It can be grown from direct melt only in a lithium deficient non-stoichiometric form as its stoichiometric composition exhibits incongruent melting. As a result it contains a number of intrinsic point defects such as Li-vacancies, Nb antisites, oxygen vacancies, as well as different types of polarons and bipolarons. All these defects adversely influence its optical and ferroelectric properties and pose a deterrent to the effective use of this material. Hence, controlling the defects in lithium niobate has been an exciting topic of research and development over the years. In this article we discuss the different methods of controlling the intrinsic defects in lithium niobate and a comparison of the effect of these methods on the crystalline quality, stoichiometry, optical absorption in the UV-vis region, electronic band-gap, and refractive index.
Highlights
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3 ; LN) is a unique photonic material and often referred to as the silicon of photonics [1,2,3,4,5]
(NbLi –NbLi ) states which are responsible for the photorefractive damage [1,44]. The presence these defects and impurities leads to light-induced changes in the refractive index that results in the of these defects and impurities leads to light-induced changes in the refractive index that results in optical distortion [1], phase modulation [22], Bragg scattering [23], and green induced infrared the optical distortion [1], phase modulation [22], Bragg scattering [23], and green induced infrared absorption (GIIRA) [45], and decreases the efficiency of nonlinear interactions when absorption (GIIRA) [45], and decreases the efficiency of nonlinear interactions when the the crystal is subjected to an intense visible radiation [22,23]
The effect of the defect control on the structural defects and disorder of samples prepared from the crystals grown by Mg doping (Mg:congruent LN (CLN)), nSLNs, and vapor transport equilibration (VTE) treated CLN was analyzed by high the crystals grown by Mg doping (Mg:CLN), nSLNs, and VTE treated CLN was analyzed by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements for (00.6) diffracting plane in symmetrical resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements for (00.6) diffracting plane in symmetrical Bragg
Summary
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3 ; LN) is a unique photonic material and often referred to as the silicon of photonics [1,2,3,4,5] It has attracted a great deal of attention over the past three to four decades due to its favorable electro-optic, acousto-optics, non-linear optical properties, ease of fabrication, and robustness [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Due to Li deficient composition and incongruent vaporization of Li2 O, CLN crystals contain a high concentration of Li-vacancies (VLi − ) that favors the incorporation of unavoidable impurities, transition metals that limits the performance or usability of devices fabricated from it [1,22]. Defects in Lithium Niobate and Its Implications on the Optoelectronic Application
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