Abstract
An optimized heat pump control for building heating was developed for minimizing CO 2 emissions from related electrical power generation. The control is using weather and CO 2 emission forecasts as inputs to a Model Predictive Control (MPC)—a multivariate control algorithm using a dynamic process model, constraints and a cost function to be minimized. In a simulation study, the control was applied using weather and power grid conditions during a full-year period in 2017–2018 for the power bidding zone DK2 (East, Denmark). Two scenarios were studied; one with a family house and one with an office building. The buildings were dimensioned based on standards and building codes/regulations. The main results are measured as the CO 2 emission savings relative to a classical thermostatic control. Note that this only measures the gain achieved using the MPC control, that is, the energy flexibility, not the absolute savings. The results show that around 16% of savings could have been achieved during the period in well-insulated new buildings with floor heating. Further, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the effect of various building properties, for example, level of insulation and thermal capacity. Danish building codes from 1977 and forward were used as benchmarks for insulation levels. It was shown that both insulation and thermal mass influence the achievable flexibility savings, especially for floor heating. Buildings that comply with building codes later than 1979 could provide flexibility emission savings of around 10%, while buildings that comply with earlier codes provided savings in the range of 0–5% depending on the heating system and thermal mass.
Highlights
Energy flexibility on the electricity market is a high focus area in modern energy policies scoping in on storage and flexible demand [1]
In some papers transparency is lost, since the impact of the parameters is not elucidated, increasing the risk of biased results. This paper addresses both of these issues by using historic danish building codes from 1977 and later to describe the insulation thickness as a parameter along with the heat pump size and thermal capacity of floor in two hypothetical buildings: a family house and an office building
The radiator and floor heating system is compared throughout the analysis along with the family house versus the office building
Summary
Energy flexibility on the electricity market is a high focus area in modern energy policies scoping in on storage (e.g., batteries, fuel cells, hydro reservoirs, thermal) and flexible demand (e.g., heat pumps, electric cars) [1]. In Reference [8], the average CO2 emission intensity and price signals are used in heat pump control of residential buildings in Norway (known for low emissions due to large amount of hydropower) with Predictive Rule-Based Control (uses predefined thresholds to give information about when the emissions are low). It is argued to result from the load being shifted to the night time, where cheap carbon-intensive electricity is imported from the continental European power grid This is either a great example of the merit order dilemma or a result that may have been different if marginal emissions had been used. MPC is used for control for heating a building This allows using knowledge of future indoor climate states, CO2 emissions and weather conditions to schedule heat pump operation. CO2 emission data and weather forecasts (temperature and solar irradiation) to model the building thermodynamics and heat pump planning—see Figure 2. If the correct measurement data is available the model parameters could be estimated as in Reference [26], it would be easy to use the applied control setup in existing buildings, without the need for information about the building composition
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