Abstract
Snowmelt water is essential to the water resources management over the Three-River Headwater Region (TRHR), where hydrological processes are influenced by snowmelt runoff and sensitive to climate change. The objectives of this study were to analyse the contribution of snowmelt water to the total streamflow (fQ,snow) in the TRHR by applying a snowmelt tracking algorithm and Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. The ratio of snowfall to precipitation, and the variation of the April 1 snow water equivalent (SWE) associated with fQ,snow, were identified to analyse the role of snowpack in the hydrological cycle. Prior to the simulation, the VIC model was validated based on the observed streamflow data to recognize its adequacy in the region. In order to improve the VIC model in snow hydrology simulation, Advanced Scanning Microwave Radiometer E (ASMR-E) SWE product data was used to compare with VIC output SWE to adjust the snow parameters. From 1971 to 2007, the averaged fQ,snow was 19.9% with a significant decreasing trend over entire TRHR (p < 0.05).The influence factor resulted in the rate of change in fQ,snow which were different for each sub-basin TRHR. The decreasing rate of fQ,snow was highest of 0.24%/year for S_Lantsang, which should be due to the increasing streamflow and the decreasing snowmelt water. For the S_Yangtze, the increasing streamflow contributed more than the stable change of snowmelt water to the decreasing fQ,snow with a rate of 0.1%/year. The April 1 SWE with the minimum value appearing after 2000 and the decreased ratio of snowfall to precipitation during the study period, suggested the snow solid water resource over the TRHR was shrinking. Our results imply that the role of snow in the snow-hydrological regime is weakening in the TRHR in terms of water supplement and runoff regulation due to the decreased fQ,snow and snowfall.
Highlights
Introduction2021, 13, 1585 variation of streamflow by releasing and storing water in dry and wet years/seasons, respectively [8,9]
The objectives of this study were to analyse the fQ,snow based on a snowmelt tracking algorithm and by the simulated variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model results over the Three-River Headwater Region (TRHR)
This study sought to identify the contribution of snowmelt water to the total streamflow in the TRHR
Summary
2021, 13, 1585 variation of streamflow by releasing and storing water in dry and wet years/seasons, respectively [8,9]. More than one-sixth of the world’s population is dependent on glacier and seasonal snowmelt water, and one-quarter of livestock products are produced in snowdominated mountainous regions [2]. The characteristics of snowmelt are an important component in hydrological process simulation, especially at high-altitude and arid areas, where snowmelt water is considered to be a dominant resource [12]. The floods caused by extensive snowmelt may destroy transportation infrastructure, buildings, and agriculture lands [13,14]
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